Learning and Memory

Question 1

habituation

Answer 1

decrease in the response due to repeated exposure

Question 2

dishbituation

Answer 2

recovery of the response to a stimuli, usually after a different stimulus has presented
- change in the response to the original stimuli, not the new one

Question 3

types of learning

Answer 3

1. associative learning (include classical conditioning and operant conditioning)
2. observational learning

Question 4

Classical conditioning

Answer 4

• type of associative learning
• I.Pavlov
• takes advantages of biological response to create association b/ 2 unrelated stimuli
• takes advantage of acquisition (the process of taking advantage of reflexive response to turn neutral stimulus into conditioned stimulus)
• unconditional stimuli - any stimuli that causes biological, innate respone
• unconditioned response - innate, reflexive response
• conditioned stimuli - normally a neutral stimuli that through association now causes a reflexive response
• conditioned response - a response to conditioned stimuli

Question 5

neutral stimuli

Answer 5

• in classical conditioning: stimuli that doesn’t produce a reflective response
• called signaling stimuli if have potential to be used as conditioning stimuli

Question 6

unconditional stimuli

Answer 6

any stimuli that causes biological, innate respone

Question 7

unconditioned response

Answer 7

innate, reflexive response

Question 8

Conditioned stimuli

Answer 8

normally a neutral stimuli that through association now causes a reflexive response

Question 9

conditioned response

Answer 9

a response to the conditioned stimuli

Question 10

acquisition

Answer 10

in classical conditioning, the process of taking advantage of reflexive response to turn neutral stimulus into conditioned stimuli

Question 11

extinction

Answer 11

in classical conditioning, the decrease in the response resulting from repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus w/t the presence of unconditioned stimulus

Question 12

generalization

Answer 12

in classical conditioning, stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus can produce conditioned response

Question 13

discrimination

Answer 13

in classical conditioning, when an organism learns to distinguish b/ two similar stimuli

• opposite of generalization
• ex. dogs learn to distinguish noise of bell vs chain, and only one will produce the conditioned response

Question 14

Operant conditioning

Answer 14

• B> Skinner
• links voluntary behaviours wit hconsequences to alter frequencies of those behaviour
  +/- reinforcement and punishment (positive add something, negative remove something; reinforcement increases likelihood, punishment decreases likelihood)

Question 15

Reinforcement

Answer 15

• increases the likelihood that the behavior will be performed again
  +: increases likelihood by adding something desired (ex. money)
  -: increases likelihood of behavior by removing something undesired (ex pills when having HA)

Question 16

subdivision of -ve reinforcement

Answer 16

• escape learning: behavior is used to reduced something already present
• avoidance learning: behavior is used to reduce likelihood of something unpleasant happening

Question 17

Discriminative stimuli

Answer 17

indicates that reward is potentially available in an operant conditioning paradigm

Question 18

Punishment

Answer 18

• decreases the likelihood of occurance of the behavior
  +: add something undesirable to decrease certain behavior
  -: remove something desirable to decrease ceratin behavior

Question 19

Types of reinforcement schedules (operant conditioning)

Answer 19

1. Fixed Ration: reinforces the behavior after a specific number of performance of that behavior. Include continuous reinforcement (reward after every performance)
2. Variable ration:reinforce a behavior after a varying # of performance. works the fastest. most resistant to extinction
3. Fixed interval: reinforced after a specific period of time. works the slowest.
4. Variable interval: reinforces after a varying interval of time

Question 20

Shaping

Answer 20

• in operant conditioning
• process of rewarding increasingly specific behavior
• takes longer time
• allows for training of complicated behaviors

Question 21

Latent learning

Answer 21

learning that occurs w/t a reward

- spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced

Question 22

instinctive drift

Answer 22

difficulty in overcoming instinctual behaviors

Question 23

Observational learning

Answer 23

• Bandura
• process of learning a new behavior or gaining info by watching others
• observational learning thru modeling can help to determine person’s behavior thru lifetime

Question 24

Processes of memory formation

Answer 24

• encoding
• storage
• retrieval

Question 25

Encoding

Answer 25

-process of putting new info into memory

Question 26

Automatic processing

Answer 26

gaining info w/t effort

Question 27

controlled processing

Answer 27

- activememory formation that requires input | - can become automatic w/ practice

Question 28

ways to encode meaning of info via controlled processing

Answer 28

1. visual encoding. the weakest 2. acoustic encoding 3. semantic encoding (putting info into context). the strongest

Question 29

Self-reference effect

Answer 29

we encode info better when we can relate to it

Question 30

aids in encoding

Answer 30

- maintenance rehearsal - mnemonics - chunking (aka clustering) - grouping based on the meaning

Question 31

types of memory storage

Answer 31

- sensory - short-term - working - long-term

Question 32

sensory memory

Answer 32

- type of memory storage - theoretically encompasses all major sense, but mostly limited to sight, hearing and touch - include iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) memories - duration: <1 seec - maitnained by major projection areas - fades quickly

Question 33

Eidetic memory

Answer 33

- extreme example of iconic memory - ability to recall w/ high precision, an image after only a brief exposure - mainly in children

Question 34

Short-term memory

Answer 34

- fades quickly (under 30 sec unless rehearsed) - capacity to remember 7+2 items - housed in hipoccampus (has chance to be moved into long-term memory)

Question 35

Working memory

Answer 35

- related to short-term memory - supported by hippocampus - lets us to keep a few pieces of info in our consciousness simultaneously and manipulate it - integrates short-term memory, attention and executive function

Question 36

Long-term memory (subdivision)

Answer 36

1. Implicit (unconscious)> procedural memory (skills, tasks) 2. Explicit (conscious)> declarative (facts, events) > episodic (events and experiences) and semantic ( facts and concepts)

Question 37

explicit memory aka

Answer 37

declarative

Question 38

implicit memory aka

Answer 38

procedural, nondeclarative

Question 39

retrieval

Answer 39

process of demonstrating that something that has been learnt has been retained

Question 40

recall

Answer 40

retrieval + statement of previously learnt into

Question 41

recognition

Answer 41

mere identification

Question 42

spacing effect

Answer 42

phenomenon of retaining larger amount of info when the amount of time between sessions of relearning is increased

Question 43

semantic network

Answer 43

concepts are linked in the brain together based on similar meaning

Question 44

Priming

Answer 44

recall is aided by first being presented w/ word/phrase that is closely related to desired semantic memor

Question 45

context effect

Answer 45

- retrieval aid | - we remember better when in the same settings

Question 46

state-dependent memory (effect)

Answer 46

- retrieval aid | - mental, emotional, physical states effect retrieval

Question 47

serial position effect

Answer 47

- retrieval aid | - we remember better the first and the last few items from the list (primacy and recency effect)

Question 48

Agnosia

Answer 48

- loss of ability to recognize objects, people or sounds | - usually due to physical damage to the brain

Question 49

Interference

Answer 49

- a retrieval errors caused by existence of other, usually similar info - proactive interference: old info interfers w/ learning new info - retroactive interference: new info interferes w/ remembering old info

Question 50

long-term potentiation

Answer 50

- responsible for conversion of short-term to long-term memory - strengthening of neuronal connections resulting from increased neurotransmitters release and adding of receptor sites