Learning and Memory Flashcards
habituation
decrease in the response due to repeated exposure
dishbituation
recovery of the response to a stimuli, usually after a different stimulus has presented
- change in the response to the original stimuli, not the new one
types of learning
- associative learning (include classical conditioning and operant conditioning)
- observational learning
Classical conditioning
- type of associative learning
- I.Pavlov
- takes advantages of biological response to create association b/ 2 unrelated stimuli
- takes advantage of acquisition (the process of taking advantage of reflexive response to turn neutral stimulus into conditioned stimulus)
- unconditional stimuli - any stimuli that causes biological, innate respone
- unconditioned response - innate, reflexive response
- conditioned stimuli - normally a neutral stimuli that through association now causes a reflexive response
- conditioned response - a response to conditioned stimuli
neutral stimuli
- in classical conditioning: stimuli that doesn’t produce a reflective response
- called signaling stimuli if have potential to be used as conditioning stimuli
unconditional stimuli
any stimuli that causes biological, innate respone
unconditioned response
innate, reflexive response
Conditioned stimuli
normally a neutral stimuli that through association now causes a reflexive response
conditioned response
a response to the conditioned stimuli
acquisition
in classical conditioning, the process of taking advantage of reflexive response to turn neutral stimulus into conditioned stimuli
extinction
in classical conditioning, the decrease in the response resulting from repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus w/t the presence of unconditioned stimulus
generalization
in classical conditioning, stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus can produce conditioned response
discrimination
in classical conditioning, when an organism learns to distinguish b/ two similar stimuli
- opposite of generalization
- ex. dogs learn to distinguish noise of bell vs chain, and only one will produce the conditioned response
Operant conditioning
- B> Skinner
- links voluntary behaviours wit hconsequences to alter frequencies of those behaviour
+/- reinforcement and punishment (positive add something, negative remove something; reinforcement increases likelihood, punishment decreases likelihood)
Reinforcement
- increases the likelihood that the behavior will be performed again
+: increases likelihood by adding something desired (ex. money)
-: increases likelihood of behavior by removing something undesired (ex pills when having HA)
subdivision of -ve reinforcement
- escape learning: behavior is used to reduced something already present
- avoidance learning: behavior is used to reduce likelihood of something unpleasant happening
Discriminative stimuli
indicates that reward is potentially available in an operant conditioning paradigm
Punishment
- decreases the likelihood of occurance of the behavior
+: add something undesirable to decrease certain behavior
-: remove something desirable to decrease ceratin behavior
Types of reinforcement schedules (operant conditioning)
- Fixed Ration: reinforces the behavior after a specific number of performance of that behavior. Include continuous reinforcement (reward after every performance)
- Variable ration:reinforce a behavior after a varying # of performance. works the fastest. most resistant to extinction
- Fixed interval: reinforced after a specific period of time. works the slowest.
- Variable interval: reinforces after a varying interval of time
Shaping
- in operant conditioning
- process of rewarding increasingly specific behavior
- takes longer time
- allows for training of complicated behaviors
Latent learning
learning that occurs w/t a reward
- spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced
instinctive drift
difficulty in overcoming instinctual behaviors
Observational learning
- Bandura
- process of learning a new behavior or gaining info by watching others
- observational learning thru modeling can help to determine person’s behavior thru lifetime
Processes of memory formation
- encoding
- storage
- retrieval
Encoding
-process of putting new info into memory
Automatic processing
gaining info w/t effort
controlled processing
- activememory formation that requires input
- can become automatic w/ practice
ways to encode meaning of info via controlled processing
- visual encoding. the weakest
- acoustic encoding
- semantic encoding (putting info into context). the strongest
Self-reference effect
we encode info better when we can relate to it
aids in encoding
- maintenance rehearsal
- mnemonics
- chunking (aka clustering) - grouping based on the meaning
types of memory storage
- sensory
- short-term
- working
- long-term
sensory memory
- type of memory storage
- theoretically encompasses all major sense, but mostly limited to sight, hearing and touch
- include iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) memories
- duration: <1 seec
- maitnained by major projection areas
- fades quickly
Eidetic memory
- extreme example of iconic memory
- ability to recall w/ high precision, an image after only a brief exposure
- mainly in children
Short-term memory
- fades quickly (under 30 sec unless rehearsed)
- capacity to remember 7+2 items
- housed in hipoccampus (has chance to be moved into long-term memory)
Working memory
- related to short-term memory
- supported by hippocampus
- lets us to keep a few pieces of info in our consciousness simultaneously and manipulate it
- integrates short-term memory, attention and executive function
Long-term memory (subdivision)
- Implicit (unconscious)> procedural memory (skills, tasks)
- Explicit (conscious)> declarative (facts, events) > episodic (events and experiences) and semantic ( facts and concepts)
explicit memory aka
declarative
implicit memory aka
procedural, nondeclarative
retrieval
process of demonstrating that something that has been learnt has been retained
recall
retrieval + statement of previously learnt into
recognition
mere identification
spacing effect
phenomenon of retaining larger amount of info when the amount of time between sessions of relearning is increased
semantic network
concepts are linked in the brain together based on similar meaning
Priming
recall is aided by first being presented w/ word/phrase that is closely related to desired semantic memor
context effect
- retrieval aid
- we remember better when in the same settings
state-dependent memory (effect)
- retrieval aid
- mental, emotional, physical states effect retrieval
serial position effect
- retrieval aid
- we remember better the first and the last few items from the list (primacy and recency effect)
Agnosia
- loss of ability to recognize objects, people or sounds
- usually due to physical damage to the brain
Interference
- a retrieval errors caused by existence of other, usually similar info
- proactive interference: old info interfers w/ learning new info
- retroactive interference: new info interferes w/ remembering old info
long-term potentiation
- responsible for conversion of short-term to long-term memory
- strengthening of neuronal connections resulting from increased neurotransmitters release and adding of receptor sites
