Learning and Memory Flashcards
Learning Definition
the way in which we acquire new behaviours
Stimulus
anything an organism can respond to
-includes all the sensory inputs
Habituation
Decrease in response following repeated exposure to a stimulus
Dishabituation
Recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred due to the presentation of a second stimulus that “interrups” habituation
- temporary
- refers to change in response to the original stimulus
Associative learning
creation of pairing between two stimuli of between a behaviour and a response
Classical conditioning
Uses instinctual responses to create associations between two unrelated stimuli
-Ivan Pavlov and his puppers
Unconditioned stimulus
any stimulus that brings about a reflexive response
Unconditioned response
innate or reflexive response to certain stimuli
Neutral stimuli
stimuli that do not produce reflexive responses
Pavlovs experiment (stimuli)
Neutral stimulus: bell ringing
Unconditioned stimulus: meat
Conditioned stimulus
normally neutral stimulus that is made to cause a reflexive response through association
-causes a conditioned response
Acquisition
taking advantage of a reflexive, unconditioned stimulus to turn a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus
Extinction
Habituation to the conditioned stimulus
-occurs if the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus too many times
Spontaneous recovery
Some time after extinction occurs, presenting the extinct conditioned stimulus again will sometimes result in a weak conditioned response
Generalization
Stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus can produce the conditioned response
Discrimination
Organism learns to distinguish between 2 similar stimuli
Operant conditioning
Links voluntary behaviours with consequences in an effort to alter the frequency of certain behaviours
-B.F. Skinner & Behaviourism
= theory that all behaviours are conditioned
Positive reinforcement
Increases behaviour by adding a stimulus
-ex getting money for working
Negative reinforcement
Increases a behaviour by removing a stimulus
-ex: getting rid of a headache by taking advil
Subdivided into escape leaning and avoidance learning
Positive punishment
Adds an unpleasant stimulus in order to reduce a behaviour
-ex: arrested for stealing
Reinforcement
Process of increasing the likelihood of a behaviour
Escape learning
role of behaviour is to reduce the unpleasantness of an existing stimulus
-advil example
Avoidance learning
behaviour to prevent the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen
-studying to avoid failing an exam
Negative punishment
Removing a stimulus in order to reduce a behaviour
-ex: taking away toys from kids for bad behaviour
Fixed ratio schedules (FR)
reinforce a behaviour after a specific number of performances of the behaviour
Continuous reinforcement
A type of FR schedule where the behaviour is rewarded every time
Variable ratio schedules (VR)
reinforce a behaviour after a varying number of performances
- average # of performances is usually constant
- have the fastest response rate
- most resistant to extinguishing
Fixed interval schedules (FI)
reinforce the first instance of a behaviour after a specific time period has elapsed
Variable interval schedules (VI)
reinforce the first instance of a behaviour after a variable interval of time
Shaping
Process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviours
Latent learning
learning that occurs without reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated when a reward is introduced
Problem-solving
Trial and error approach, testing behaviours until they yield a rewards
-humans and chimps tend to avoid this and analyze the situation first
Prepardness
animals are most able to learn behaviours that coincide with their natural behaviours
Instinctive drift
Difficulty in overcoming instinctual behaviours
-animals don’t tend to do well with behaviours that counteract their natural instincts