Learning and Memory

Question 1

habituation

Answer 1

process of becoming used to a stimulus

Question 2

dishabituation

Answer 2

can occur when a second stimulus intervenes, causing a resensitization to the original stimulus

Question 3

associative learning

Answer 3

way of pairing together stimuli and responses, or behaviors and consequences

Question 4

classical conditioning

Answer 4

unconditioned stimulus that produces an instinctive, unconditional response is paired with a neutral stimulus
with repetition, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response

Question 5

operant conditioning

Answer 5

behavior is changed through the use of consequences
schedule of reinforcement affects the rate at which the behavior is performed
- schedules can be based either on a ratio of behavior to reward or on an amount of time, and can be either fixed or variable
- behaviors learned through variable-ratio schedules are the hardest to extinguish

Question 6

reinforcement

Answer 6

increases the likelihood of a behavior

Question 7

punishment

Answer 7

decreases the likelihood of a behavior

Question 8

observational learning (modeling)

Answer 8

acquisition of behavior by watching others

Question 9

encoding

Answer 9

process of putting new information into memory
automatic or effortful
semantic is stronger than both acoustic and visual

Question 10

sensory & short-term memory

Answer 10

transient, based on neurotransmitter activity

Question 11

working memory

Answer 11

requires short-term memory, attention, and executive function to manipulate information

Question 12

long-term memory

Answer 12

requires elaborative rehearsal and is the result of increased neuronal connectivity

Question 13

semantic encoding

Answer 13

meaning of information put into a meaningful context

Question 14

visual encoding

Answer 14

visualizing meaning of information

Question 15

acoustic encoding

Answer 15

storing the way meaning of information sounds

Question 16

self-reference effect

Answer 16

tend to recall information best when we can put it into the context of our own lives

Question 17

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 17

repetition of a piece of information to either keep it within working memory (to prevent forgetting) or to store it in short-term and eventually long-term memory

Question 18

mnemonics

Answer 18

often acronyms or rhyming phrases that provide a vivid organization of the information we are trying to remember