Learning and Long Term Memory

Question 1

What is long-term memory

Answer 1

It is the archive of information about past events and knowledge learned
Works closely with working memory
Can be from a few moments ago to as far back as one can remember

Question 2

What is intentional learning?

Answer 2

The deliberate and conscious purposeful learning where the information is retained e.g learning a new language

Question 3

What is incidental learning?

Answer 3

Learning that is unplanned, it develops while engaging in a task or activity, involves a degree of consciousness e.g learning layout of a new house, learning face of person, tutors incidentally learning where students sit in a room

Question 4

What is explicit learning? out

Answer 4

Learning achieved with full conscious awareness of what has been learned e.g maths formulas, studying for an exam

Question 5

What is implicit learning? in

Answer 5

Learning that has no conscious awareness of what is being learned e.g brushing teeth, typing on a keyboard, singing a familiar song

Question 6

How is implicit learning assessed?

Answer 6

Serial Reaction Time Task - stimulus appears in complex repeating sequences and participant is unaware of this = they learn it unconsciously. (faster reaction times across trials)
If new novel sequence = slower RT

Question 7

What were Reber 1993 major 5 differences explicit and implicit learning?

Answer 7

1. Robustness - implicit unaffected by disorders
2. Age independence - implicit learning less influenced by age
3. Low variability -
4. IQ independence - implicit less effected
5. Commonality of process

Question 8

What is involved in shallow processing?

Answer 8

• Little attention to the meaning
• Focus more on the physical features
• Results in poor memory

Question 9

Memory, according to the Craik and Lockhart 1972 level of processing theory depends on?

Answer 9

how information is encoded

Question 10

What is involved in Deep processing?

Answer 10

• Close attention is paid to the meaning
• Semantic anaysis
• Results in better memory

Question 11

What is the Word-fragment task?

Answer 11

Participants were asked to look at words or read a passage and then later asked to complete a set of words with missing letters. If words read earlier performance was better in filling in missing letters

Good performance when word had been read, however no deep-level processing = Implicit learning

Question 12

What is the two systems of long-term memory?

Answer 12

1. Declarative Memory - Able to recall memories
2. Non-declarative Memory - Unable to recall memory but can express through performance

Question 13

What are the two components of Non-declarative memory?

Answer 13

Procedural memory and Other forms of implicit memory

Question 14

What is procedural memory?

Answer 14

Memory from motor skills associated with a particular procedure. No memory of where we learned it but can perform procedures without being consciously aware of it e.g unlocking a door,

Question 15

What are the three components of declarative memory?

Answer 15

1. Episodic memory
2. Semantic memory
3. Autobiographical memory

Question 16

What is episodic memory?

Answer 16

Memories of past events that have happened. Remembering the what, where, when

Question 17

Is episodic memory susceptible to errors and illusions?

Answer 17

Yes

Question 18

What is semantic memory?

Answer 18

Everything we know such as facts, general knowledge, concepts, and language

Question 19

Conscious awareness at the time of learning but forgetting that occurs towards the end is known as….

Answer 19

Retrospective problem

Question 20

Do patients with amnesia have difficulties with implicit or explicit learning?

Answer 20

More problems with explicit learning

Question 21

Craik & Tulving (1975) Recognition performance at encoding involved 3 components….SID

Answer 21

1. Shallow grapheme task: decide if word is upper or lowercase
2. Intermediate grapheme task: decide whether each word rhymes with a target word
3. Deep semantic: decide whether each word fits a sentence containing a blank

Question 22

Challis et a.,1996 asked if levels of ……….. was limited to ………. learning

Answer 22

1. Processing
2. Explicit

Question 23

Is semantic information intertwined with episodic memory?

Answer 23

Sometimes - but still two separate systems
Evidence of this in people with amnesia

Question 24

In amnesia which memory system is impaired?

Answer 24

Episodic memory but semantic memory intact

Question 25

James remembers language and the years of all the wars but forgot all his birthday parties. What memory system is impaired?

Answer 25

Episodic memory but semantic memory intact

Question 26

What is amnesia?

Answer 26

Severe problems with memory caused by brain damage

Question 27

Does a personality shift occur in amnesia?

Answer 27

Yes can occur

Question 28

What memory system is impaired in amnesia? And does this impair learning?

Answer 28

Episodic memory, and yes can impair learning

Question 29

What is the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?

Answer 29

Retrograde amnesia is impaired memory of events that occurred before the brain injury, whereas anterograde amnesia is the impaired learning of new information learned after the brain injury

Question 30

Is semantic memory needed to recall episodic memory?

Answer 30

Yes

Question 31

Does eye movement provide an implicit measure of a person’s knowledge about their scene?

Answer 31

yes but patients with amnesia lacked this

Question 32

What are the two mechanisms of why we forget?

Answer 32

1. Decay - over time we lose information
2. Interference - where new information is interfering with old information

Question 33

What is meant by encoding specificity by Thomson & Tulving?

Answer 33

Recall of information or memories is better when the retrieval context matches the encoding context. Mismatch = forgetting

Question 34

What are the two types of interference?

Answer 34

1. Proactive interference
2. Retroactive interference

Question 35

What is proactive interference? old -ve new

Answer 35

where old learning interferes with new learning
e.g Tay is unable to call someone by a nickname (new) as use to their first name (old)

Question 36

What is retroactive interference? new -ve old

Answer 36

New learning that interferes with old learning

Question 37

What can be done to minimise proactive interference?
e.g learn new song but unable to recall older learned songs

Answer 37

1. Tell participants they can forget the first learned list
2. Test knowledge in the first list
3. Mentally walk through childhood home and describe the details

Question 38

What is the difference between recall and recognition?

Answer 38

Recall is when you are asked to remember a detail or an event whereas recognition is easier as memory cues are present

Question 39

What is marginal knowledge?

Answer 39

Knowledge that is unavailable for un-cued retrieval but accessible when a memory cue is presented

Question 40

A process that occurs when a previously formed memory trace is reactivated and undated is known as?

Answer 40

Reconsolidation

Question 41

Are new or old memories more susceptible to interference and forgetting?

Answer 41

New memories more susceptible according to consolidation theory

Question 42

What is consolidation?

Answer 42

the process involved in establishing recently acquired information as a set of long-term memories. Newly formed memories that are still being consolidated are fragile.

Question 43

True or False? New information must be passed to a consolidated into LTM in order to be lasting?

Answer 43

True

Question 44

What are the two major phases of consolidation?

Answer 44

1. First phase across hours (short) - involving the hippocampus
2. Second Phase over longer period (typically sleep) - hippocampus and neocortex interact

Question 45

Does the reconsolidation of memories place memories back into a fragile state?

Answer 45

yes - therefore can be altered

Question 46

What were the results of Walker’s finger-tapping task regarding reconsolidation?

Answer 46

Memory of first sequence fragile again and performance worse

Question 47

Mismebering is the reactivation of a memory trace that has previously been consolidated leaving that trace fragile again. True or False?

Answer 47

True

Question 48

What is a term used to portray hindsight bias?

Answer 48

I knew it

Question 49

What is hindsight bias?

Answer 49

The tendency for people to exaggerate how accurately they would have predicted some event in advance after they know what actually happened

Question 50

When misleading information is given to an eyewitness after the event of the memory is known as?

Answer 50

Post-event misinformation effect ,