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Cognitive Psychology > Knowledge of semantic memory > Flashcards

Knowledge of semantic memory Flashcards

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1
Q

A fundemental unit of symbolic knowledge and a mental representation of a catergory is known as….

A

A concept

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2
Q

An idea about something that provides a means of understanding the world is known as the symbolic knowledge of a concept. True or False?

A

True

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3
Q

A category is a class of similar things? True or false?

A

True

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4
Q

Objects and entities that share an essential core or similarities in properties is known as?

A
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5
Q

Objects and entities that share an essential core or similarities in properties is known as?

A

A category

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6
Q

Can stimuli that can be treated in an equivalent manner in a category?

A

yes

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7
Q

What are the different types of categories and concepts?

A
  1. Natural categories
  2. Artefact categories
  3. Nominal concetps
  4. Ad-hoc catergories
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8
Q

Groupings that occur naturally in the world and are relatively stable are known as? and what is an example?

A

Natural categories e.g birds, dogs, trees

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9
Q

What is artefact categories?

A

Stable groupings invented by humans and groups to perform a function or task. e.g kitchen appliances, vehicles, stationary

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10
Q

What is nominal concepts?

A

Precise definitions e.g odd numbers

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11
Q

Various things that are grouped together, but do not belong in the same category is known as ?

A

Ad-hoc categories e.g garage sale items. Not stable and often tied to an event

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12
Q

Concepts and categories are mean to …….. knowlege in…….

A

organise
LTM
e.g declarative or semantic knowledge

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13
Q

Concepts do now provide us with a wealth of information about an item. True or False

A

False, they do provide us with knowledge

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14
Q

Categories allow us to identify the ………….. of a particular item

A

special characteristics

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15
Q

What are the theoretical approaches to categorisation in defining the organisation of our knowledge in LTM

A
  1. Common features (essential features/defining features)
  2. Prototype approach
  3. Exemplar approach
  4. Semantic approach
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16
Q

What are the 3 criteria for organisational structure of semantic knowledge?

A
  1. Cognitive economy - grouping of concepts
  2. Informativeness -
  3. Coherence - similarities in objects
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17
Q

A…….. is ……. by its defining features and attributes?

A

category
chracteristics

18
Q

What the 2 aspects of defining features?

A

Intension: attributes that define membership e.g bachelor single, male, adult
Extention: set of entities that are members e.g all adult males

19
Q

What are the common features theoretical approach?

A

Concepts defined by essential common features. Sometimes difficult in classifying items

20
Q

Are common features difficult to establish?

A

yes

21
Q

An abstract representation of a typical member of a category is a?

A

Prototype

22
Q

Concepts that are represented not by features but by mental prototypes or an idealised representation of a category are known as ?

A

Prototypes,

23
Q

Concepts that are represented not by features but by mental prototypes or an idealised representation of a category are known as?

A

Prototypes,

24
Q

Concepts that are represented not by features but by mental prototypes or an idealised representation of a category are known as?

A

Prototypes,

25
Q

…… are categories that cannot be easily defined. e.g ……..

A

Fuzzy
monster, games

26
Q

Family resemblances do not have identical features? True or False

A

True

27
Q

Categories have a …… structure

A

graded

28
Q

If Items that are judged easily as members of category over atypical items this is known as the …..

A

typicality effect

29
Q

……-prototypicality is when category members closely resemble a category prototype. E.g bird = robin typical

A

High

30
Q

A category member that does not closely resemble a category prototype is known as?

A

Low-prototypicality e.g bird = penguin

31
Q

Are prototypical objects processed preferentially?

A

yes

32
Q

What is an exampler approach?

A

concepts that are represented by multiple examples rather than just a single prototype

33
Q

In examplar approach of categorisation, example are not actual category members? True or False

A

False, they are actual category members

34
Q

How do we organise concepts? 3 levels

A

Superordinate: most general e.g furniture
Basic: Intermediate level e.g chair, lamp, table
Subordinate: specific types e.g kitchen chair, bedside lamp

35
Q

According to knowledge-based approaches, the processing of a concept depends on ….

A
  1. Causal relationships between features
  2. The context in which the concept in being considered
36
Q

Tanake et al., fond that experts in certain fields use ……. category names rather than basic-level catergory names

A

subordinate

37
Q

Spreading of activation is…..

A

activation that is aroused by a level of a node which causes an activation spread to related nodes, resulting in richer meaning of concepts

38
Q

In a semantic network,……… links connect for a less closely related concepts

A

Longer

38
Q

In a semantic network,……… links connect to closely related concepts

A

shorter

39
Q

Schema are …

A

a set of related propositions which form typical knowledge about the world

40
Q

What is consistency bias?

A

exaggerated consistencies between our past and present feelings and beliefs

Cognitive Psychology (3 decks)

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