Learning and Development Flashcards
What are Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
hint - (PSLSS)
- Physiological - breathing, food, sleep, excretion
- Safety and security
- Love and belonging
- Self-esteem - self worth and confidence, achievement, respect of others
- Self-actualization - personal potential is fully realized
What 2 factors make up Herzberg’s 2-factor Theory and what are they?
- Satisfaction factors - encourage employees to work when the work is challenging and results in the employee coming to a better realization of their potential
- Hygiene/Dissatisfaction factors - encourage employees to work because they want to avoid uncomfortable or unpleasant experiences
What are the 4 Acquired needs in McClelland’s theory?
affiliation
achievement
power
avoidance
What are the steps of the Training and Development Process? (NOSIE)
- Training Needs Analysis
- Objectives
- Selection
- Implementation
- Evaluation
define copyright
How long does a copyright last?
the legal right to publish, reproduce, or perform a literary, artistic, or musical work. (know these)
70 after the author dies
what does the Fair Use Doctrine state?
a limited amount of a copyrighted work can be used without permission under certain circumstances, usually when it is used for purposes of commentary, criticism, news reporting, or educational activities
- use applies most often to relatively brief quotations or passages from a work used in a journalistic or academic context
define patent
license granted by the government to an inventor, which gives the inventor the exclusive right to use or sell an invention for a set time
What are the 3 types of patents? xxx
- Utility patent - apply to the invention of what the US Patent Office calls “a new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or a new and useful improvement thereof.” About 90% of recently issued patents have been utility patents. They last for 20 years
- Design patent - apply to what the Patent Office describes as a “new, original, and ornamental design embodied in or applied to an article of manufacture.” Design patents issued after May 13, 2015, last for 15 years; those issued before that date last for 14 years
- Plant patent - granted to those who develop, discover, or invent new varieties of asexually reproduced plants. They last for 20 years
- inventors can be eligible for (and receive) more than one type of patent for the same development. They can be granted both utility and design patents.
What are the steps of the ADDIE design process?
- Analysis. Identify the goal of the training program; gather and analyze relevant data; propose solutions and evaluate them in terms of effectiveness, cost, and timeline.
- Design. Identify the target audience, develop training objectives, and develop content.
- Development. Translate the design into the presentation format: develop training materials, instructional methods, and training mechanisms (e.g., classroom, self-study, online, etc.)
- Implementation. Select a facility; hire and train the trainers; set up a training schedule.
- Evaluation. There are 2 types of evaluation: formative and summative.
- Formative evaluations - conducted throughout the ADDIE process to inform design and development; they include needs assessment, jobs analysis, pilot testing, and pre-testing.
- Summative evaluations - conducted on finished training programs to assess their overall effectiveness; include reaction evaluations, learning evaluations, behavior evaluations, and results evaluations.
What are Kirkpatrick’s 4 steps of Evaluation of Training Programs
Reaction
Learning
Behavior
Results
What’s the difference between mentoring and coaching?
Coaching is short term development from a supervisor.
Mentoring is Long term development by someone other than supervisor
define creativity
the generation of new ideas by individuals and teams
define innovation
the process of using creativity in new products, business practices, and strategies that create value
what are the 6 I’s of innovation?
- Inspiration
- Imagination
- Ideas
- Insight
- Invention
- Implementation
What are the 4 Career Stages
- Exploration
- Establishment
- Maintenance
- Disengagement
what are the 5 types of leadership styles?
- Transformational: Transformational leaders lead by setting an example for employees. This leadership style fosters collaboration. The goal of a transformational leader is to serve as a role model, setting an example for his or her reports.
- Transactional: Transactional leaders focus on making exchanges with employees that will bring about desired outcomes. Rewards are offered in exchange for objectives that are met.
- Laissez-Faire: Laissez-faire leaders are most appropriate when employees are independently motivated. Otherwise, this leadership style can result in low productivity and chaos, since a laissez-faire leader will provide little direction and mostly allow reports to operate on their own.
- Authoritative: Authoritative leadership creates as much chaos in a crisis as laissez-faire. Authoritative leadership sets goals and boundaries while establishing clear expectations. Authoritative leadership also will open decision-making processes to “authority” or experts for key decisions, while authoritarian management styles will close themselves off to all inputs, even experts, or merely use experts to promote the image that they are open to input when they are in fact pursuing their own agenda.
- Democratic: Democratic approaches to leadership are most appropriate when employees are highly skilled and can take an active role in decision-making processes.
what does the Blake-Mourton Managerial Grid focus on?
concern for production and concern for people
What are the components to Lewin’s Change Process Theory
Hint: 3 parts
Unfreezing
Moving
Refreezing
What are techno-structural interventions used for?
to change the way that work is performed within an organization
What is Management by Objective (MBO)?
giving people the autonomy to figure out how to accomplish their tasks
What are the 3 components of Juran’s trilogy of Quality Management?
Planning
Control
Improvement
Define the Pareto Principle
80/20 rule, 80% of the problems in an organization result from 20% of the possible causes
Who started “Do it Right the First Time”?
Crosby
xxx
What’s the purpose of a fishbone diagram and who created it?
To determine cause and effect
Ishikawa
What two things does performance management focus on?
accountabilities, sets performance standards,
What are the 4 performance appraisal methods?
- Behavioral
- Comparison
- Rating
- Narrative
- Critical incident review
- Essay
- Field review
What’s the difference btween a Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (BARS) and a BOS scale?
BARS uses pre-established descriptions to rate performance and uses only observable behaviors instead of traits
BOS is Developed from critical incidents but uses substantially more incidents than a BARS
What is the halo effect?
when a manager bases the entire evaluation on a single characteristic of an employee leading to bias
What is contrast error in a performance review?
When a manager compares all candidates or employees to a single individual
What are the 3 processes performance management covers?
- Articulates the specific actions and behaviors that are necessary for achievement of its goals
- Periodically performs a structured assessment of whether the people responsible for those actions and behaviors are functioning as desired
- Takes the necessary steps to alter or sustain current actions and behaviors
Which rating method requires managers to group employees into predefined frequencies of performance ratings?
Forced distribution method
A manager has a subscription to a professional journal and reads an article she believes would be interesting to the employees she supervises. Which of the following actions would be the best action to take according to fair use guidelines?
- Make a single copy of the article and let employees know it is available if they want to view it
what does andragogy refer to?
how adults learn
What is the last step in conducting a training needs analysis?
Identifying the performance gap to be addressed
Which quality management system is founded on the premise that quality is ultimately the responsibility of an organization’s top management?
Deming’s 14-Point System xxx
What is the idea behind expectancy theory?
people are motivated by the anticipation of desirable outcomes or rewards
what theory believes that most of his employees are only there for a paycheck, and that if they are not closely supervised, they won’t produce satisfactory work in a timely manner?
Theory X
What theory believes people are self-motivated and enjoy the challenge of work?
Theory Y
Which is NOT a phase of training evaluation?
a) reaction
b) learning
c) behavior
***d) implementation
xxxx
What did Crosby’s DIRFT principle give rise to?
the Four Absolutes of Quality
xxxx
