Learning and Better Student Flashcards
Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
Learning
Proposed by Edward Lee Thorndike that claims all learning is explained by selection and connections or bonds formed between stimuli and responses
Connectionism
Learning occurs when the learner is physiologically and psychologically prepared
Law of Readiness
Mastery learning can take place through repetitions and rehearsals
Law of Exercise
When the connection between the stimulus and the response is frequently used, the stronger will be the connection and learning is effective
Law of Use
When the connection between the stimulus and the response is not used over a period of time, the connection is weakened — learning becomes ineffective
Law of Disuse
This law states that when the connection between the stimulus is pleasant
Law of effect
Discovered Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Studied observable, measurable behavior
Burrhus Frederick Skinner
Learning to increase or decrease a voluntary behavior using reinforcement or punishment
Operant Conditioning
Any consequences that makes a response less likely to happen again
Punishment
A stimulus that tends to maintain or increase the strength of a response.
Reinforcement
A stimulus, which when presented, increases the chance that the response will be repeated
Positive Reinforcement
A stimulus that has to be terminated or withdrawn to increase the likelihood that the response will be repeated
Negative Reinforcement
anything that decreases a behavior
Punishment
Adding an unpleasant response to decrease a behavior
Positive Punishment
decreasing the behavior by removing something pleasant.
Negative Punishment
Who proposed Observational or Social Learning
Albert Bandura
System that senses, organizes, alters, stores & retrieves information
Memory
refers to information processed in a short period of time
Short-Term Memory
allows us to store information for long periods of time
Long-Term Memory
Failure to properly store information for future use
Forgetting
2 Theories which explain why people forget
Interference and Trace Decay
Information learned EARLIER interferes with information learned LATER
Proactive Interference
Information learned LATER interferes with information learned EARLIER
Retroactive Interference
Physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed
Memory Trace
Loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace is not used
Trace Decay
is a process whereby sense organs receive information from the external and internal environments
Sensation
is the giving of meaning to the information received
Perception
