Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A
  • refers to any enduring change in the way an organism responds based on its experience
  • is about predicting the future from past experienceand using these predictions to guide behaviour.
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2
Q

Conditioning

A

learn associations between stimuli (events) in the environment that reliably predict other stimuli…(especially those stimuli that relate to survival)

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3
Q

Classical conditioning

A
  • Learning an association between a stimulus that reliably predicts another stimulus that is naturally associated with a defensive or appetitive reflex response
  • learning to produce a reflex response
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4
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

A stimulus that doesn’t produce a respond

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5
Q

Normal Reflex pathway?

A

UCS+UCR= Reflex

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6
Q

Stimulus generalisation

A

When a stimuli that is similar to a preregister stimuli, the respond is the same

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7
Q

Extinction

A

The process of removing a learned relex(CS)

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8
Q

What do spontaneous recovery and rapid reacquisition suggest about the extinction process?

A

It show that a reflex is never truly forgotten

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9
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Behaviouris shaped by the learner’s history of experiencing rewards and punishments for their actions.

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10
Q

Reinforcement

A

A behavior is reinforced(strengthened) whenever a desirable outcome occurs as a consequence of performing the behaviour.
Behaviours that are reinforced are more likely to be repeated.

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11
Q

reinforcer

A

is any consequence of a behaviour that makes that behaviour more likely to recur in future.

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12
Q

Positive and Negative reinforcement

A
  • Positive Reinforcement = An animal will learn to produce a behaviour if the consequence of doing so is receiving something pleasant.
  • Negative Reinforcement = An animal will learn to produce a behavior if the consequence of doing so is stopping something unpleasant.
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13
Q

Continuous vs. Partial Reinforcement Schedules

A

Partial is more effective as the organism wouldn’t know when the reinforcement will come=> led to them keep trying.
when reinforcement is stopped, behavior that was partial reinforce stick longer compare to continuous

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14
Q

Extinction

A

-occurs when reinforcement is withheld
-Not immediate, in fact there may be a brief increase in responding referred to as an extinction burst followed by decrease in trained behaviour.
Then an increase in more variable behaviour(ideal for shaping).

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15
Q

Punishment

A

A behavior is punished(weakened) whenever an undesirable outcome occurs as a consequence of performing the behaviour.
Behavioursthat are punished are less likely to be repeated.

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16
Q

punisher

A

any consequence of a behavior that makes that behaviourless likely to recur in future.

17
Q

Positive and Negative punishment

A
  • Positive Punishment = An animal will learn stop producing a behaviour if the consequence of producing the behavior is an unpleasant stimulus.
  • Negative Punishment (response cost) = An animal will learn to stop producing a behavior if the consequence of producing the behavior is that something desirable is taken away.
18
Q

Cognitive learning

A

cognitive processes played an important role in learning complex behaviours, even in (non-human) animals.

19
Q

cognitive map

A

a mental representation of the spatial characteristics of a familiar environment.

20
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning without the present of reinforcement and punishment

21
Q

Social learning

A
  • Learning takes place “socially” and “ vicariously” through observing others (“models”).
  • takes place through active judgement and constructive processes, not just imitation
  • provides another example of how learning can occur indirectly, without direct reinforcement or punishment.
22
Q

Effective punishment requires 3 C’s

A
  1. Contingency
  2. Contiguity
  3. Consistency