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Psychology 1A > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of learning?

A

Experience that causes a permanent change

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2
Q

What is habituation?

A

Gradual reduction in responding

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3
Q

When was the behaviourist movement?

A

1930s-1950s

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4
Q

What does the behaviourist approach measure?

A

Observable, quantifiable behaviour

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5
Q

What is the theory of behaviourism?

A

All behaviours are acquired through conditioning

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6
Q

What does behaviourism disregard?

A

Mental activity; it is irrelevant and unknowable

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7
Q

What is another name for classical conditioning?

A

Pavlovian conditioning

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8
Q

What is the simplest definition of classical conditioning?

A

Learning by association

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9
Q

What is paired in classical conditioning?

A

Two stimuli

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10
Q

What are the two types of stimuli in classical conditioning?

A

Unconditioned stimulus (US), Conditioned stimulus (CS)

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11
Q

What are the two possible responses in classical conditioning?

A

Unconditioned response (UR), Conditioned response (CR)

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12
Q

What are the 5 basic principles of classical conditioning?

A

Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous recovery, Generalisation, Discrimination

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13
Q

What is a neumonic to remember the principles of classical conditioning?

A

After Eating, Sarah reads German Dictionaries

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14
Q

What is the first stage of classical conditioning?

A

Acquisition

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15
Q

What occurs during acquisition?

A

A neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an US

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16
Q

What happens to the neutral stimulus after the response has been acquired?

A

Becomes CS

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17
Q

What is the second principle of classical conditioning?

A

Extinction

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18
Q

What is extinction?

A

When occurences of CS decrease or disappear

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19
Q

What happens to the stimuli during extinction?

A

CS no longer paired with US

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20
Q

What happens to the strength of the CR during extinction?

A

Nonmotonic decrease in strength of CR

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21
Q

What is the third principle of classical conditioning?

A

Spontaneous Recovery

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22
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

The reappearance of the CR after a rest period or period of lessened response

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23
Q

How is the CR different during spontaneous recovery?

A

CR not as strong when CS is presented

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24
Q

What is the fourth principle of classical conditioning?

A

Generalisation

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25
Q

What is generalisation?

A

The tendency for stimuli resembling the CS to elicit the CR

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26
Q

What is the fifth principle of classical conditioning?

A

Discrimination

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27
Q

What is discrimination?

A

The ability to tell the difference between the CS and similar (unpaired) stimuli

28
Q

What type of response is conditioned in the ‘Little Albert’ experiment?

A

Fear response conditioning

29
Q

What was the US in the ‘Little Albert’ experiment?

A

Loud (clanging) noise

30
Q

What was the CS in the ‘Little Albert’ experiment?

A

White rat

31
Q

What was the UR in the ‘Little Albert’ experiment?

A

Fear as a result of the noise

32
Q

What was the CR in the ‘Little Albert’ experiment?

A

Fear in the presence of the white rat

33
Q

What is habituation?

A

The gradual reduction in response after repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus

34
Q

How did Pavlov teach his dogs to salivate to the sound of a buzzer?

A

He paired the tone over time with the presentation of food

35
Q

Which period of training typically starts with a gradual increase in learning, which starts low, rises rapidly and then slowly tapers off?

A

Aquisiton

36
Q

Which part of the brain is essential to fear conditioning?

A

Amygdala

37
Q

What is instrumental behaviour?

A

Behaviour that requires an organism to act, solve a problem, or otherwise manipulate elements of its environment

38
Q

When does stimulus control take place?

A

When a particular response occurs only when a particular stimulus is presented

39
Q

What is a study where pigeons are trained to discriminate between different artworks investigating?

A

Stimulus control

40
Q

Where is the reticular formation located?

A

In the medulla

41
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation?

A

To regulate sleep, wakefulness and levels of arousal

42
Q

What are three pleasure centres in the brain?

A

Nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, hypothalamus

43
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Learning that takes place by watching the actions of others (without reinforcement)

44
Q

Which type of conditioning is John B Watson associated with?

A

Classical conditioning

45
Q

Which type of conditioning is B F Skinner associated with?

A

Operant conditioning

46
Q

What is second-order conditioning?

A

When the CS becomes the US

47
Q

Give an example of second-order conditioning

A

Money being valued in itself

48
Q

What is the idea of the Rescorla Wagner model?

A

Learning is based on expectation and fulfilment - surprise increases learning

49
Q

When does classical conditioning occur in the Rescorla Wagner model?

A

When the animal has learned to set up an expectation

50
Q

What is the effect of a reinforcer?

A

Increases the likelihood of the behaviour that led to it

51
Q

What is the effect of a punisher?

A

Decreases the likelihood of the behaviour that led to it

52
Q

What did Tolman’s research focus on?

A

Latent learning and cognitive maps

53
Q

What does latent learning contribute to?

A

The development of cognitive maps

54
Q

What are cognitive maps?

A

Mental representations of the features of a physical environment

55
Q

Is habituation adaptive?

A

Yes

56
Q

Can neural changes remain even after extinction and no evidence of spontaneous recovery?

A

Yes

57
Q

What happens when the same CS and US are paired again after extinction etc?

A

Acquisition phase is much faster than in earlier training

58
Q

If you no longer want to eat a certain food after it once made you ill what is this called?

A

Food aversion

59
Q

What does research say about rewarding people for doing what they love?

A

May undermine their love of the activity

60
Q

What was Skinner’s theory of the development of superstitous behaviours?

A

Superstitious behaviour results from accidental reinforcement of some trivial behaviour

61
Q

What would an evolutionary perspective suggest that rats would do when placed in a multi-option maze?

A

Rats would systematically travel from arm to arm in search of food as it is the best guarantee of finding food in an environment

62
Q

How could Cecilia develop a fear of snakes without ever seeing a snake?

A

Through observational learning

63
Q

What is the best thing to do before a test?

A

Study and then get a good night’s sleep

64
Q

Why is “opiate overdose” often a misnomer?

A

Victims do not have unusually high levels of morphine in their blood

65
Q

What role do homeostatic mechanisms play in heroin overdoses?

A

Failure to elicit them as a conditioned response leads to death

66
Q

How were dominant chimps taught to not steal food from subordinates?

A

They were positively reinforced for performing an incompatible behaviour

67
Q

What was a successful method for teaching rhesus monkeys to station and stay?

A

Differential reinforcement of successive approximations to the goal

Psychology 1A (5 decks)

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