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Psychology 1A > Differential Psychology > Flashcards

Differential Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is psychometrics?

A

The science of measuring mental capacities and processes

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2
Q

Who was the discoverer of the general intelligence factor, g?

A

Charles Spearman

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3
Q

What statistical technique did Charles Spearman invent?

A

Factor analysis

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4
Q

What did factor analysis provide evidence for?

A

A general cognitive factor (aka g)

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5
Q

How is ratio IQ calculated?

A

(Mental age/physical age)*100

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6
Q

What is the average IQ score?

A

100

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7
Q

What is used to describe intelligence levels of children?

A

Ratio IQ

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8
Q

What is used to describe intelligence levels of adults?

A

Deviation IQ

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9
Q

What does deviation IQ show?

A

How much an individual deviates from the average IQ

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10
Q

Why was the first intelligence test created?

A

To identify children who needed remedial educational programs

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11
Q

Why is the two-factor theory of intelligence important?

A

Suggests intelligence is not a single, general ability

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12
Q

What are the two factors of intelligence?

A

General ability (g) and specific ability (s)

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13
Q

What is a savant?

A

Individual with low intelligence but extraordinary ability typically in one general area

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14
Q

Who has higher intelligence: savant or prodigy?

A

Prodigy has higher intelligence

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15
Q

What is the term for identical twins?

A

Monozygotic twins

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16
Q

How are monozygotic twins formed?

A

Splitting of a single zygote

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17
Q

What is the term for non-identical twins?

A

Fraternal or dizygotic twins

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18
Q

How are dizygotic twins formed?

A

Develop from two separate zygotes

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19
Q

What is the Flynn effect?

A

While intelligence decreases across a single lifespan, it increases across generations

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20
Q

What are possible causes of the Flynn effect?

A

Better nutrition, schooling etc

21
Q

Who has higher heritability factor: wealthy or poor children?

A

Wealthy

22
Q

Why do wealthy children have higher heritability factor?

A

Likely due to them having fairly similar environments including ample nutrition, homes with books

23
Q

What is common between children raised in the same household?

A

They have a shared environment

24
Q

What can influence intelligence?

A

Environment and genes

25
Q

How do results from vocab or verbal reasoning tests differ between the ages of 18 and 70?

A

Very little change

26
Q

What shape is created when ratio IQ is plotted on a graph?

A

Bell curve

27
Q

What is the best predictive test of how well a prospective employee will perform?

A

Intelligence test

28
Q

What is personality?

A

An individual’s characteristic style of behaving, thinking and feeling

29
Q

In studies of identical twins reared apart, what was more predictive of differences in personalities: nonshared or shared environmental factors?

A

Nonshared environmental factors were more predictive of differences in personalities

30
Q

What did Jeffrey Gray develop?

A

A model of personality based on physiological arousal

31
Q

In Jeffrey Gray’s model, what controls neuroticism?

A

Behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

32
Q

In Jeffrey Gray’s model, what controls extraversion?

A

Behavioural activation system (BAS)

33
Q

What were Jeffrey Gray’s ideas based on?

A

Approach and avoidance studies

34
Q

Which of the five factors of personality shows the highest degree of heritability?

A

Extraversion

35
Q

What did Freud believe to be the default defence mechanism?

A

Repression

36
Q

What did Freud believe repression did?

A

Pushed issues we don’t want to deal with into the unconscious mind

37
Q

What is self-verification?

A

Tendency to overcompensate for others judgements in order to confirm self-concept

38
Q

What is self-concept?

A

Our explicit knowledge of our own behaviours, traits and other personal characteristics

39
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

Our feelings (as opposed to knowledge) regarding the self

40
Q

What are self-loathing and self-verification?

A

Processes (not knowledge bases)

41
Q

What is narcissism?

A

A grandiose view of the self combined with the tendency to seek admiration from and exploit others

42
Q

How many words did Allport and Odbert catalogue that could be used to describe personality traits?

A

18,000

43
Q

What are the two sets of anchors for the trait dimensions in Hans Eysenck’s model of personality traits?

A

Emotional and stable; introverted and extraverted

44
Q

What part of the brain is not easily stimulated in extraverts?

A

The reticular formation

45
Q

What part of the brain is easily stimulated in introverts?

A

The reticular formation

46
Q

That is the reticular formation responsible for?

A

Regulating alertness and arousal

47
Q

What did Carl Rogers believe was necessary for healthy personality development?

A

Unconditional positive regard

48
Q

What were the Lothian Birth Cohort Studies set up to address?

A

What factors cause some people’s cognitive abilities to decline more than others in later life

49
Q

What was an observation made by Roberts et al?

A

Sex differences in the specific changes and their extents were more important than differences in how men and women changed over time

Psychology 1A (5 decks)

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