Learning Flashcards
What is classical conditioning?
Learning to respond to one stimulus as if it were another by pairing the two together (The Office example) (class ex: when he claps, stomp your feet)
How was classical conditioning famously discovered???
Accidentally discovered while studying digestion by Ivan Pavlov
How is classical conditioning used in advertisements?
Pairing a product with a well liked celebrity
Unconditioned Response
UR/UCR. Does not have to be introduced. Usually the same as the Conditioned Response (CR)
Conditioned Response
CR. Usually the same as Unconditioned Response.
Unconditioned Stimulus
US/UCS. Does not have to be introduced/taught.
Conditioned Stimulus
CS. What was taught in order to receive a response.
Stiumulus
Cause
Response
Affect
How does classical conditioning occur even without first-hand experience??
By observational learning- conditioning by seeing someone else conditioned (ex. Seeing the police while driving)
What are the phases of classical conditioning?
- Acquisition
- Extinction
- Generalization
- Discrimination
- Higher-Order Conditioning
- Spontaneous Recovery
Acquisition
Acquiring the condition. Phase where the stimuli are paired. Each time is a trial. Works better if paired closely in time.
Extinction
Disappearance of Conditioned Response. CS no longer paired with UCS. (Ex. Dog & doorbell). Some harder to unpair than others (fear). Systematic desensitization.
Generalization
Similar stimuli can produce the same response. More similar means more response. (Ex. Little Albert was afraid of white bunnies after being afraid of the white mouse)
Discrimination
Learning to tell CS from other similar stimuli. More similar means harder to discriminate.
Higher-Order Conditioning
CSs can have CSs
Spontaneous Recovery
After a delay, extinct response can return. Forget that they unlearned something so it comes back but not quite as strong.
What is a trial?
Each time you pair the stimuli
What is systematic desensitization
Getting rid of phobias. If you want someone to be unafraid, show Conditioned Stimulus but start small.
What determines the ease/difficulty with which something is generalized/discriminated???
The similarities of the stimuli?
What is Operant Conditioning
Principle of reinforcement.
What does a strict behaviorist think Operant Conditioning Can explain
All behavior is explained by reward and punishment
What is shaping and how does it work?
Shaping is rewarding behaviors closer and closer to what you want.
What is a secondary reinforcer
Uses CLASSICAL (not Operant) Conditioning to create a new reward. In the example of dog training, you use treats as a reward while using a clicker as a secondary reinforcer to get them to do what you want
What are the different schedules of reinforcement?
Continuous reinforcement. Intermittent reinforcement (fixed vs. variable) (ratio vs. interval)
Fixed
Always the same
Variable
Changes, not as predictable. When/how the reinforcement is given.
Ratio
Number of behaviors that matter
Interval
Time elapsed since last time you were rewarded
Which types of schedules resist extinction
Variable interval
Which types of schedules produce the fastest responding
Fixed ratio
Positive reinforcement
Giving something good
Positive punishment
Giving something bad
Negative reinforcement
Taking away something bad
Negative punishment
Taking away something good
What are possible problems with using punishment?
Back to classical conditioning, the one being punished associates punishment with the punisher. Observational learning and operant condition state that they learn that punishment solves problems and may become more aggressive
What is modeling
A behavior is done and rewarded so the behavior is modeled. If a behavior is done but punished, the behavior is not modeled.
Are there any constraints on what can and cannot be conditioned? Why?
Biological constraints such as instincts which can interfere with conditioning (Ex. Raccoon with two coins). Also we acquire some phobias more easily and are prepared to learn some things more easily
