Learning Flashcards
Theory of association
Kurt Lewin. grouping things that occur together in time and space. precursor to Pavlov
classical conditioning
teaching an organism to respond to a NS by pairing NS with a UCS
behaviorism
John B. Watson. everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains
operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner. behavior influenced by reinforcement
forward conditioning
CS presented before UCS
- delayed conditioning: CS begins before UCS and lasts until UCS
- trace conditioning: CS terminated before UCS
backward conditioning
CS presented after UCS. ineffective, just makes forward conditioning more difficult
shaping
differential reinforcement of successive approximations. e.g. rewarding rats for going NEAR lever
primary reinforcement
reinforcing without need to learn e.g. food and water
secondary reinforcement
e.g. money
homestasis theories of motivation
- Fritz Heider’s balance theory
- Charles Osgood & Percy Tannenbaum’s congruity theory
- Leon Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory
BUT we often seek out stimulation, novel experience or self-destruction
Clark Hull
Performance = Drive x Habit
Edward Tolman
Performance = Expectation x Value
expectancy value theory
Henry Murray, David McClelland
people motivated by need for achievement (nAch)
approach-avoidance conflict
far from a goal: focus on its pros
close to a goal: focus on its cons
Premack principle
motivation to do something undesirable by rewarding oneself with something desirable
Yerkes-Dodson effect/Donald Hebb
optimal level of arousal for any task is never at the extremes
Habituation
decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus
Sensitization
increasing responsiveness to a stimulus
autoshaping
allowing animals to control its reinforcements
Garcia effect
certain associations are made more easily than others, e.g. nausea & food. “preparedness”
positive transfer
learning that makes it easier to learn another task later
