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GRE (Princeton Review) > Clinical and Abnormal Psychology > Flashcards

Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was the originator of psychoanalytic theory?

A

Sigmund Freud

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2
Q

how does psychoanalytic theory view human nature?

A

conflict between drives (conscious and unconscious) is central to human nature. a human is motivated by drive reduction

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3
Q

what does Freud think true conflict is between?

A

Eros (life, sex, love) and Thanatos (death)

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4
Q

how did Freud’s theory of the layout of the mind change over time?

A

originally: topographic (conscious elements openly acknowledged, unconscious elements many layers deeper)
revised: structural (ego, id, superego)

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5
Q

Describe Freud’s layout of the mind

A

Ego: mediates between the environment and the pressures of the id and superego
Id: unconscious biological drives and wishes (at birth - only id)
Superego: imposes learned/socialized drives. develops over time so influenced by moral/parental training

how well ego handles pull between id, superego + environment determines mental health

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6
Q

What is Freud’s theory on abnormal psychology?

A

psychic determinism: result of repressed drives and conflicts which manifest through pathological behavior, dreams and unconscious behavior instead of the ego finding acceptable behavior

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7
Q

Did Freud use hypnosis?

A

Yes at first, borrowed from Jean Charcot and Pierre Janet

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8
Q

What technique did Freud use during psychoanalysis

A

free association (developed with Joseph Breuer) -> catharsis/abreaction

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9
Q

What is transference?

A

(Freud) patients react to therapist like they react to their parents. examine unconscious feelings about parents.

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10
Q

Countertransference

A

how the therapist feels about the patient

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11
Q

object relations therapy

A

using transference to resolve problems that were the result of previous relationships

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12
Q

what is the goal of psychoanalytic therapy?

A

lessen unconscious pressures by making them conscious so the ego can mediate better

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13
Q

reaction formation

A

embracing feelings or behaviors opposite to the true threatening feelings one has

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14
Q

sublimation

A

channeling threatening drives into acceptable outlets

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15
Q

identification

A

imitating a central figure e.g. a parent

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16
Q

undoing

A

performing a ritualistic activity in order to relieve anxiety about unconscious drives

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17
Q

content in dreams

A

manifest (actual content) & latent (unconscious forces dreams are trying to express)

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18
Q

pleasure and reality principles

A

pleasure (primary process): seek pleasure & avoid pain - id, early life
reality (secondary process): ego, delays gratification

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19
Q

screen memory

A

memories that serve as representations of important childhood experiences

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20
Q

Alfred Adler

A

a colleague of Freud who created individual/Adlerian theory: people are creative, social and whole, and are in the process of “becoming.” a healthy indiv. ignores feelings of inferiority, has a “will to power” and will pursue goals that are beneficial to society. if an unhealthy indiv. pursues any goals, they will be self-serving.

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21
Q

Adlerian therapy

A

psychodynamic approach with a focus on unconscious feelings. more important: examination of lifestyle and choices. Aim: reduce feelings of inferiority and foster social interest. Criticism: best used with “normal” people

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22
Q

Adler’s personality typology

A
  • Ruling-dominant (choleric). high in activity, low in social contribution - dominant
  • Getting-leaning type (phlegmatic). low in activity, high in social contribution - dependent
  • Avoiding type (melancholic). Low in activity and low in social contribution - withdrawn
  • Socially useful type (sanguine). high in activity, high in social contribution - healthy
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23
Q

Carl Jung

A

Analytical theory. Freud: too much emphasis on libido. Jung: psyche directed toward life and awareness

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24
Q

Jung’s unconscious

A
  • personal: material from own experiences, can become conscious
  • collective: psyche’s dynamics inherited from ancestors. common to all, contains archetypes

therapy involves analyzing dreams, artwork and personal symbols -> more aware and closer to full potential

criticism: too mystical/spiritual

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25
Q

Archetypes

A
  • Persona: outer mask
  • Shadow: dark side
  • Anima: female elements of a man
  • Animus: male elements of a woman
  • Self: full individual potential
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26
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Client-centered theory. humanistic (optimistic outlook on human nature). humans have an actualizing tendency towards full potential.

abnormal theory: lack of congruence between real self and conscious self-concept

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27
Q

Client-centered therapy

A 
client decides how often to meet and what to discuss.
therapist:
- nondirective
- empathy
- unconditional positive regard
- genuineness/congruence

criticism: no diagnostic tools

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28
Q

Behavior therapy - background

A

B. F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe. change maladaptive behavior through new learning. (abnormal behavior is the result of learning)
radical behavioralism - skinner’s operant ideas that behavior is only related to consequences
neobehavioralism - Pavlov’s counterconditioning used to create new responses to stimuli

criticism: treating symptoms rather than problem

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29
Q

Behavior therapy - practice

A
  • Systematic desensitization (Joseph Wolpe): classical conditioning to relieve anxiety/phobia
  • Flooding/implosive therapy (as above)
  • Aversion therapy: classical conditioning to increase anxiety (addiction, fetishes)
  • Shaping - operant conditioning (reinforced for good behaviors)
  • Modeling - social learning. client exposed to adaptive behaviors
  • assertiveness training
  • role playing
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30
Q

Aaron Beck

A

Cognitive Theory. conscious thought patterns play the largest role in people’s lives (not emotion or behavior).

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31
Q

Maladaptive cognitions

A
  • arbitrary inference (conclusion without solid evidence)
  • overgeneralization
  • magnifying/minimizing
  • personalizing (inappropriately taking responsibility)
  • dichotomous (black and white) thinking

cognitive triad (negative views about the self, the world and the future) causes depression

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32
Q

Cognitive therapy

A

directed therapy to restructure maladaptive thought patterns. short-term

criticism: removing symptoms may not cure problem

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33
Q

Albert Ellis

A

rational-emotive theory (RET): elements of cognitive, behavioral and emotion theory. intertwined thoughts and feelings produce behavior.

abnormal - ABC: Activating event occurs, Beliefs about event, Consequence of emotional disruption

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34
Q

Rational-Emotive therapy

A

directive - DE: dispute beliefs and replace with Effective rational beliefs

criticism: sterile, mechanistic

35
Q

Gestalt theory

A

Fritz Perls, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka.

fully experience and perceive the present in order to become an integrated person. stand apart from past beliefs, biases and attitudes

abnormal: disturbances of awareness, client does not have insight/fully experience situation

36
Q

Gestalt therapy

A

dialogue, focus on here-and-now. exploration of awareness and full experiencing of present

criticism: not suited for low-functioning/disturbed clients

37
Q

Victor Frankl

A

Existential theory. issues of meaning and being. “will to meaning.” Rollo May also contributes

Abnormal: neurotic anxiety in response to perceived meaningless

38
Q

Existential therapy

A

discussion of deep questions relating to client’s perception and meaning of existence. increase sense of being and meaningfulness

criticism: abstract for severely disturbed patients

39
Q

What do psychopharm treatments work on?

A

neurotransmitters - monoamines (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine)

40
Q

Antipsychotics

A

first drugs used for psychopathology. block DA receptors and inhibit DA production, treating positive schizophrenic symptoms.

e.g. chlorpromazine (Thorazine), haloperidol (Haldol)

41
Q

Antimanics

A

bipolar disorder. inhibit norepinephrine and serotonin

e.g. lithium

42
Q

antidepressants

A

usually require at least 6 weeks to start working

increase production & transmission of monoamines

  • Tricyclic (TCAs) e.g. amitriptyline (Elavil)
  • MAOIs e.g. phenelzine (Nardil)
  • SSRIs
43
Q

anxiolytics

A

increase effectiveness of GABA (inhibitory NT)

e.g. barbiturates/benzos - diazepem (Valium), alprazolam (Xanax)

44
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

criticized psychotherapy, saying it was not effective. other studies have since contradicted him

45
Q

Anna Freud

A

applied Freudian ideas to child psychology and development

46
Q

Melanie Klein

A

object-relations theory and psychoanalysis with children

47
Q

Neo-Freudians

A

Karen Horney: emphasized culture and society over instinct. neuroticism is expressed as movement toward, against and away from people

Harry Stack Sullivan: social and interpersonal relationships

48
Q

Psychodynamic theory includes…

A

…individual, analytical. anything that emphasizes role of the unconscious

49
Q

Humanistic theory includes…

A

client-centered, Gestalt, existential. emphasizing positive, evolving free will in people. AKA “Third Force” in psychotherapy in reaction to psychoanalysis and behavioralism

50
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

leader of the humanistic movement in psychology. pyramid-like hierarchy of needs:

self-actualization
esteem & recognition
belonging, love, acceptance
safety, stability, lack of fear
physiological needs
51
Q

Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)

A

electric current delivered to brain, convulsions induced. effective in severely depressed patients.

52
Q

Donald Meichenbaum

A

stress-inoculation training. prepares people for foreseeable stressors

53
Q

Neil Miller

A

proved that abnormal behavior can be learned

54
Q

DSM: how many categories of mental disorders?

A

16

55
Q

Disorders diagnosed in childhood/adolescence

A

Mental retardation: IQ < 70. mild: 55-70, moderate: 40-55, severe: 25-40, profound: <25

Learning disorders: school achievement/standardized scores at least 2 SD below mean

ADHD: treated with stimulants e.g. Ritalin, Adderall

Oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder

Tic disorders e.g. Tourette’s

Elimination disorders e.g. nocturnal enuresis

56
Q

Delrium, dementia (cognitive disorders)

A

delirium: disturbed consciousness and cognition
dementia: cognitive problems as a result of Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s (progressive degeneration of thought, emotion and movement), Pick’s (disease of frontal and temporal lobes of the brain - personality)

57
Q

psychotic disorder

A

hallucinations or delusions (erroneous beliefs)

58
Q

schizophrenia

A

renamed by eugene bleuler from dementia praecox. excessive DA in the brain

positive symptoms
- delusions
- perceptual hallucinations
- disorganized speech inc. neologisms
- disorganized behavior
negative symptoms
- flat affect 
- restrictions in thought, speech, behavior

process schizophrenia (develops gradually) has a lower rate of recovery than reactive schizophrenia. a history of good social skills is more likely to recover

Fromm and Reichman coined “schizophrenogenic mother” - type of mother that causes children to be schizophrenic

59
Q

5 types of schizophrenia

A
  1. paranoid - preoccupation with delusions or auditory hallucinations
  2. disorganized/hebephrenic - disorganized speech & behavior, flat affect
  3. catatonic - psychomotor disturbance (catalepsy), excessive motor activity, prominent posturing (gestures, mannerisms), echolalia, echopraxia
  4. undifferentiated
  5. residual
60
Q

schizoaffective disorder

A

schizophrenic symptoms accompanying a depressive episode

61
Q

delusional disorder

A

persistent delusions

  • erotomanic
  • grandiose
  • jealousy
  • persecutary
  • somatic e.g. believing a part of the body is ugly or misshapen
62
Q

shared psychotic disorder

A

two people having shared delusions

63
Q

Depression

A

depression is more common in developed countries. depressive realism: depressed people tend to be more realistic about life

reactive depression has been liked to Martin Seligman’s learned helplessness

MDD: symptoms present nearly every day for at least 2 weeks. twice as common in females

dysthymic disorder: symptoms of MDD are present more days than not for more than two years but never an actual episode

64
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

equally prevalent in males and females

65
Q

Agoraphobia

A

fear of a situation in which escape would be difficult, e.g. outside the home/crowds

66
Q

conversion disorder

A

Freud’s “hysteria”: psychological problems converted to bodily symptoms

67
Q

dissociative disorders

A

(psychogenic disorders)

  • amnesia (retrogade - before trauma, anterograde - after trauma)
  • fugue: suddenly fleeing to a new location, forgetting true identity and/or establishing a new identity
  • identity disorder (formerly multiple personality disorder)
68
Q

sleep disorders

A

dyssomnias (sleep abnormalities)
parasomnias (abnormal behaviors during sleep)

nightmare: frequent disruption of sleep because of nightmares
sleep terror: frequent disruption of sleep because of screaming or crying

69
Q

personality disorders

A

schizoid - detachment, small range of emotion
schizotypal - eccentric, distorted reality
antisocial - disregard for others, absence of guilt
histrionic - excess emotion, attention-seeking
avoidant - social inhibitions, hypersensitive, inadequacy

70
Q

amphetamines and DA

A

amphetamines increase DA activity and produces schizophrenic-like paranoid symptoms

71
Q

antipsychotics

A

neuroleptic drugs e.g. chlorpromazine reduce DA activity by blocking receptors. can cause Parkinson’s-like symptoms, and tardive dyskinesia (involuntary, repetitive movements of the tongue, jaw or extremities)

72
Q

Parkinson’s and DA

A

caused by deficient DA. must boost DA through e.g. levodopa.

73
Q

Down syndrome

A

most common cause of mental retardation. trisomy of chromosome 21. older women more likely to have a babe with Down syndrome

74
Q

cretinism

A

different form of mental retardation caused by iodine deficiency

75
Q

2 organic disorders caused by years of heavy drinking

A

Korsakoff’s: vitamin B deficiency - loss of memory and orientation. may make up confabulations to fill in memory gaps

Wernicke’s: thiamine deficiency - memory problems and eye dysfunctions

76
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

recessive, infant disease related to excess amino acids. inborn error of metabolism

77
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

recessive, genetic deficiency of hexosaminidase A. symptoms resembling schizophrenia/dementia

78
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

male with one Y and two X chromosomes

79
Q

Thomas Szasz

A

saw the schizophrenic world as misunderstood/artistic. felt they should not be treated

80
Q

David Rosenhan

A

effect of diagnostic labels on perception of behavior.

81
Q

health psychology

A

biological, behavioral & social impacts on health and illness

  • stress makes you more likely to get sick
  • social support is associated with better health outcomes
82
Q

multiaxial assessment (DSM)

A

clients assessed across 5 axes

  • axis 1: clinical disorders
  • 2: personality disorders
    3. general medical conditions
    4. psychosocial and envirommental problems
    5. global assessment of functioning
83
Q

APA (American Psychological Association)

A

founded in 1892 by Stanley Hall

84
Q

community psychology

A

psychology taken to community via community centers or schools. emphasizes respect

GRE (Princeton Review) (12 decks)

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