Learning

Question 1

What is conditioned taste aversion?

Answer 1

a particular form of learning consisting of avoiding what has been source of violent source of discomfort

Question 2

What are the three ways we learn

Answer 2

1. Non associative (learning about a stimulus (habituation: behavioral response decreases; and sensitization: increase)
2. Associative: learning the relationship bw 2 pieces of info: -> classical conditioning (a certain stimulus predicts another stimulus);
   - > Operant conditioning (a behavior leads to a certain outcome)
3. Watching others:
   - > Observational learning: change a behavior after watching a person engage in that behavior
   - > Modeling: Imitating a behavior seen in others
   - > Vicarious conditioning (learning to engage in a behavior or not after seeing others being rewarded or punished for performing that action.)

Question 3

What is learning?

Answer 3

A change in behavior, resulting from experience.

Question 4

According to John Watson, what was the only valid indicator of psychological activity?

Answer 4

observable behaviors (became the basis of behaviorism)

Question 5

What is Locke assumption of learning

Answer 5

When we are children we are tabula rasa

Question 6

What is LTP (long term potentiation)

Answer 6

strengthening of synaptic connections that allows us to learn

Question 7

What is a conditioned stimulus?

Answer 7

is a previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response when paired with an unconditioned stimulus (taste of chicken salad)

Question 8

What is a conditioned response?

Answer 8

a learned response elicited by a conditioned stimulus (refusal to eat)

Question 9

What is an unconditioned response?

Answer 9

an automatic response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus (vomiting)

Question 10

What is a unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 10

a stimulus that elicits a response without learning (food poisoning)

Question 11

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 11

A learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that the action will be performed in the future.

Question 12

What is Thorndike’s puzzle box?

Answer 12

Used to develop the law of effect: any behavior that leads to a “satisfying state of affairs” is likely to occur again. but the one that leads to a “annoying state of affairs is less likely to occur again.

Question 13

What is the skinner box?

Answer 13

a lever that can be pressed (operant) is connected to a food supply (reinforcer). The animal through operant conditioning learns to press the lever to obtain food.

Question 14

What is shaping?

Answer 14

an operant conditioning technique that consists of reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior.

Question 15

What is the difference bw primary and secondary reinforcers?

Answer 15

PRIMARY: those reinforcers that satisfy biological needs
SECONDARY: Do not satisfy biological needs. (established through classical conditioning :association of a neutral stimulus with a primary reinforcers to create a secondary reinforcer)

Question 16

What is the Premark principle?

Answer 16

Having to accept the less desired things to receive something one really wants.

Question 17

What are the 4 types of reinforcement and punishment?

Answer 17

added: positive
taken away:negative
behavior increase: reinforcement
Behavior decrease: punishment

Question 18

What do you use to produce faster learning?

Answer 18

Continuous reinforcement: reinforcing behavior each time it occurs.

Question 19

4 types of continuous reinforcement

Answer 19

fixed ratio schedule (reinforcer given after a fixed number of intended behavior)
fixed interval schedule:(reinforcer given after a fixed amount of time)
variable ratio schedule (reinforcer given after a variable number of response)
variable interval schedule (reinforcer given after a variable amount of time)

Question 20

What are the 2 ways induced by positive reinforcement?

Answer 20

Provide the subjective experience of pleasure,

increase the desire for the object or event that produced the pleasure.

Question 21

What neurotransmitter allows liking and wanting involved when positive reinforcement occur?

Answer 21

Dopamine

Question 22

What can delay reinforcement? and when conditioning is most effective?

Answer 22

when a particular learning is incompatible with innate, biologically determined adaptive behaviors (raccoon);
when the association bw the response and the reinforcement is consistent with the animal’s built-in biological predisposition.

Question 23

What is Tolman’s view on reinforcement?

What was his focus?

Answer 23

It has more impact on performance than on acquisition of knowledge through learning;
Latent learning:Learning that takes place in the absence of reinforcement.

Question 24

What is a cognitive map?

Answer 24

A visuospatial mental representation of an environment.

Question 25

What are the 2 types of learning that occur without reinforcement?

Answer 25

Latent learning and insight learning (form of pb solving

Question 26

What does mean Seligman’s concept of preparedness?

Answer 26

genetic programmation or biological preparedness to fear specific object

Question 27

Do primary reinforcer and biological reinforcer alike?

Answer 27

Yes

Question 28

Differentiate: US, CS, UR, US, Neutral stimulus

Answer 28

US: water spray
CS: Word "can"
UR: Flinching
CR: Flinching when can is said
Neutral stimulus: A list including the word can