Learning Flashcards
Mere exposure
Preference for things we have been exposed to previously
Advertising, attraction
Pavlov’s experiment
Studied salvation in dogs Unconditional stimulus: food Unconditional response: salivating Conditional stimulus: tone/bell Conditional response: salivating
Little Albert experiment
Watson and Raynor Conditioned emotional response Lil Albert afraid of loud noises but not animals US: loud noises UR: fear CS: white rat CR: fear
Extinction
Get rid of response
Repeatedly presented without US
Response will stop
Spontaneous recovery
Response will return but less intense
Response may not have been eliminated
Reinforcement
Used to INCREASE WANTED behavior
Punishment
Used to DECREASE UNWANTED behavior
Positive reinforcement
Desired behavior rewarded
GIVE food, toys, money, praise, attention
Negative reinforcement
Desired behavior, negative event removed
*take away
Ex) shock stops when rat pushes a bar
Positive punishment
Consequence follows unwanted behavior
GIVE time out or spanking
Negative punishment
Pleasant event or item removed following unwanted behavior
Toy TAKEN away
Very effective at changing behavior
Interval: fixed vs variable
Period of time
IF: weekly
IV: time varies
Ratio: fixed vs variable
Number of times
RF: specific
RV: changes
*gambling reinforcement schedule
Latent learning
Learning without outward behavioral signs
Learning without reinforcement
Cognitive map
Stored information about layout of areas from experience
Ex) 2 groups of rats: 1 group got rewarded/reinforced and figured out maze slow and steady. Other group had no reinforcement but once rewarded figured out maze quickly using their cognitive map
Wolfgang Kohler
Believed too much focus on trial and error learning
Perceptual reorganization
Could combine previously learned behaviors into new solution
Sultan the chimp: used short stick to get long stick to reach banana
Insight learning
Aha moment
Sudden awareness
Observational learning
Learning by watching others
Social learning theory: 2 parts, model first then imitate which results in a reaction from the environment (reinforcement)
Imitation: mirror neurons
Banduras Bobo doll study
One group observed an adult hitting the Bobo doll
That group was more likely to act aggressively toward the doll
Vicarious conditioning: observing another person being rewarded or punished could effect your own behavior (not always)
Habituation
The more exposure to a stimulus the less responsive we are toward it Ex) baby gets bored with face you make so it’s not as funny
Violence? Ex) vid games
