Learning

Question 1

Mere exposure

Answer 1

Preference for things we have been exposed to previously

Advertising, attraction

Question 2

Pavlov’s experiment

Answer 2

Studied salvation in dogs 
Unconditional stimulus: food
Unconditional response: salivating 
Conditional stimulus: tone/bell 
Conditional response: salivating

Question 3

Little Albert experiment

Answer 3

Watson and Raynor
Conditioned emotional response 
Lil Albert afraid of loud noises but not animals
US: loud noises
UR: fear
CS: white rat
CR: fear

Question 4

Extinction

Answer 4

Get rid of response
Repeatedly presented without US
Response will stop

Question 5

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 5

Response will return but less intense

Response may not have been eliminated

Question 6

Reinforcement

Answer 6

Used to INCREASE WANTED behavior

Question 7

Punishment

Answer 7

Used to DECREASE UNWANTED behavior

Question 8

Positive reinforcement

Answer 8

Desired behavior rewarded

GIVE food, toys, money, praise, attention

Question 9

Negative reinforcement

Answer 9

Desired behavior, negative event removed
*take away
Ex) shock stops when rat pushes a bar

Question 10

Positive punishment

Answer 10

Consequence follows unwanted behavior

GIVE time out or spanking

Question 11

Negative punishment

Answer 11

Pleasant event or item removed following unwanted behavior
Toy TAKEN away
Very effective at changing behavior

Question 12

Interval: fixed vs variable

Answer 12

Period of time
IF: weekly
IV: time varies

Question 13

Ratio: fixed vs variable

Answer 13

Number of times
RF: specific
RV: changes
*gambling reinforcement schedule

Question 14

Latent learning

Answer 14

Learning without outward behavioral signs

Learning without reinforcement

Question 15

Cognitive map

Answer 15

Stored information about layout of areas from experience
Ex) 2 groups of rats: 1 group got rewarded/reinforced and figured out maze slow and steady. Other group had no reinforcement but once rewarded figured out maze quickly using their cognitive map

Question 16

Wolfgang Kohler

Answer 16

Believed too much focus on trial and error learning
Perceptual reorganization
Could combine previously learned behaviors into new solution
Sultan the chimp: used short stick to get long stick to reach banana

Question 17

Insight learning

Answer 17

Aha moment

Sudden awareness

Question 18

Observational learning

Answer 18

Learning by watching others
Social learning theory: 2 parts, model first then imitate which results in a reaction from the environment (reinforcement)
Imitation: mirror neurons

Question 19

Banduras Bobo doll study

Answer 19

One group observed an adult hitting the Bobo doll
That group was more likely to act aggressively toward the doll
Vicarious conditioning: observing another person being rewarded or punished could effect your own behavior (not always)

Question 20

Habituation

Answer 20

The more exposure to a stimulus the less responsive we are toward it Ex) baby gets bored with face you make so it’s not as funny
Violence? Ex) vid games