Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Kurt Lewin

A

Theory of Association

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2
Q

Simultaneous Conditioning

A

US & CS are presented at the same time

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3
Q

Higher-order conditioning or Second-order conditioning

A

Previous CS acts as US

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4
Q

Forward Conditioning

A

CS is presented before US

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5
Q

Delayed Conditioning

A

Presentation of CS before US and lasts until US is presented

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6
Q

Trace conditioning

A

CS is presented and terminated before US is presented

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7
Q

Backward Conditioning

A

US is presented before CS

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8
Q

Inhibitory Conditioning

A

Caused by backward conditioning

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9
Q

E.L Thorndike

A

Law of effect

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10
Q

Another term for Shaping

A

Differential reinforcement of successive approximations

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11
Q

Most robust reinforcement schedule

A

Variable ratio

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12
Q

Second most robust reinforcement schedule

A

Variable interval

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13
Q

Token Economy

A

An artificial mini-economy where individuals are motivated by secondary reinforcers, which can be cashed in for primary reinforcers

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14
Q

What is the problem with drive-reduction or balance theories?

A

They don’t explain why individuals often seek out stimulation, novel experience, or self-destruction

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15
Q

Clark Hull

A

Performance = Drive x Habit

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16
Q

Edward Tolman

A

Expectancy-value theory

Performance = Expectation x Value

17
Q

Victor Vroom

A

Applied expectancy-value theory to I/O

18
Q

Henry Murray and David McClelland

A

Need for achievement (nAch)

19
Q

John Atkinson

A

People set realistic goals with intermediate risk but not unrealistic or risky goals (want to succeed more than fail)

20
Q

Neil Miller

A

Approach-avoidance conflict

21
Q

Premack principle

A

People are motivated to do what they don’t want to do by rewarding themselves with something after

22
Q

Donald Hebb

A

Medium arousal = optimal performance

23
Q

Yerkes-Dodson effect

A

Simple tasks = higher arousal

Complex tasks = lower arousal

24
Q

Perceptual or Concept Learning

A

Learning about something in general rather than a specific stimulus-response

25
Q

Latent learning

A

Takes place without reinforcement & the actual learning is revealed at another time

26
Q

Incidental learning

A

Unrelated items are grouped together

27
Q

Overshadowing

A

The inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus

28
Q

John Garcia

A

Discovered that animals are programmed through evolution to make certain connections

29
Q

Preparedness

A

We learn certain associations more easily than others

30
Q

Garcia effect

A

The extremely strong connection between nausea and food that needs little conditioning

31
Q

M.E. Olds

A

Performed experiments where animals performed behaviors to receive stimulation

32
Q

Are continuous or discrete motor tasks easier to learn?

A

Continuous

33
Q

Humans are primed to learn between what ages?

A

3–20

34
Q

Describe how humans learn from age 20–50.

A

The ability to learn remains constant.

35
Q

Describe how humans learn after age 50.

A

The ability to learn drops.

36
Q

Who wrote the first educational psychology textbook and when?

A

Thorndike in 1903

37
Q

Aptitude

A

A set of characteristics that are indicative of a person’s ability to learn

38
Q

Scaffolding learning

A

When a teacher encourages the student to learn independently and only helps when shit gets too hard