Learning

Question 1

Kurt Lewin

Answer 1

Theory of Association

Question 2

Simultaneous Conditioning

Answer 2

US & CS are presented at the same time

Question 3

Higher-order conditioning or Second-order conditioning

Answer 3

Previous CS acts as US

Question 4

Forward Conditioning

Answer 4

CS is presented before US

Question 5

Delayed Conditioning

Answer 5

Presentation of CS before US and lasts until US is presented

Question 6

Trace conditioning

Answer 6

CS is presented and terminated before US is presented

Question 7

Backward Conditioning

Answer 7

US is presented before CS

Question 8

Inhibitory Conditioning

Answer 8

Caused by backward conditioning

Question 9

E.L Thorndike

Answer 9

Law of effect

Question 10

Another term for Shaping

Answer 10

Differential reinforcement of successive approximations

Question 11

Most robust reinforcement schedule

Answer 11

Variable ratio

Question 12

Second most robust reinforcement schedule

Answer 12

Variable interval

Question 13

Token Economy

Answer 13

An artificial mini-economy where individuals are motivated by secondary reinforcers, which can be cashed in for primary reinforcers

Question 14

What is the problem with drive-reduction or balance theories?

Answer 14

They don’t explain why individuals often seek out stimulation, novel experience, or self-destruction

Question 15

Clark Hull

Answer 15

Performance = Drive x Habit

Question 16

Edward Tolman

Answer 16

Expectancy-value theory

Performance = Expectation x Value

Question 17

Victor Vroom

Answer 17

Applied expectancy-value theory to I/O

Question 18

Henry Murray and David McClelland

Answer 18

Need for achievement (nAch)

Question 19

John Atkinson

Answer 19

People set realistic goals with intermediate risk but not unrealistic or risky goals (want to succeed more than fail)

Question 20

Neil Miller

Answer 20

Approach-avoidance conflict

Question 21

Premack principle

Answer 21

People are motivated to do what they don’t want to do by rewarding themselves with something after

Question 22

Donald Hebb

Answer 22

Medium arousal = optimal performance

Question 23

Yerkes-Dodson effect

Answer 23

Simple tasks = higher arousal

Complex tasks = lower arousal

Question 24

Perceptual or Concept Learning

Answer 24

Learning about something in general rather than a specific stimulus-response

Question 25

Latent learning

Answer 25

Takes place without reinforcement & the actual learning is revealed at another time

Question 26

Incidental learning

Answer 26

Unrelated items are grouped together

Question 27

Overshadowing

Answer 27

The inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus

Question 28

John Garcia

Answer 28

Discovered that animals are programmed through evolution to make certain connections

Question 29

Preparedness

Answer 29

We learn certain associations more easily than others

Question 30

Garcia effect

Answer 30

The extremely strong connection between nausea and food that needs little conditioning

Question 31

M.E. Olds

Answer 31

Performed experiments where animals performed behaviors to receive stimulation

Question 32

Are continuous or discrete motor tasks easier to learn?

Answer 32

Continuous

Question 33

Humans are primed to learn between what ages?

Answer 33

3–20

Question 34

Describe how humans learn from age 20–50.

Answer 34

The ability to learn remains constant.

Question 35

Describe how humans learn after age 50.

Answer 35

The ability to learn drops.

Question 36

Who wrote the first educational psychology textbook and when?

Answer 36

Thorndike in 1903

Question 37

Aptitude

Answer 37

A set of characteristics that are indicative of a person's ability to learn

Question 38

Scaffolding learning

Answer 38

When a teacher encourages the student to learn independently and only helps when shit gets too hard