Language

Question 1

Morphemes

Answer 1

Made up of phonemes and are the smallest units of meaning in language

E.g. boy, -ing

Question 2

Phrase

Answer 2

A group of words that when put together function as a single syntactic part of a sentence

E.g. walking the dog

Question 3

Syntax

Answer 3

The arrangement of words into sentences as prescribed by a particular language

Question 4

Grammar

Answer 4

The overall rules of the interrelationship between morphemes and syntax that make up a particular language

Question 5

Prosody

Answer 5

Tone inflections, accents, and other aspects of pronunciation that carry meaning

Question 6

Who is the most important figure in psycholinguistics?

Answer 6

Noam Chomsky

Question 7

Transformational grammar

Answer 7

Differentiates between surface structure and deep structure in language

Question 8

Surface structure

Answer 8

The way that words are organised

Question 9

Phonemes

Answer 9

Discrete sounds that make up words but carry no meaning

E.g. ee, p, sh

Question 10

Deep structure

Answer 10

Underlying meaning

Question 11

What was Chomsky’s most famous contribution to psycholinguistics?

Answer 11

An innate language acquisition device (LAD): Humans have an innate ability to adopt generative grammar rules of the language they hear

Question 12

Overregularization

Answer 12

The overapplication of grammar rules

e.g. founded, Sherpa

Question 13

Overextension

Answer 13

Generalizing with names for things

e.g. Calling any furry thing a dog

Question 14

Telegraphic speech

Answer 14

Speech without articles or extras

e.g. Me go

Question 15

Holophrastic speech

Answer 15

When you use one word (holophrases) to convey a whole sentence

e.g. Me = give that to me

Question 16

Are girls or boys faster and more accurate with language learning?

Answer 16

Girls

Question 17

Are bilingual children faster or slower at language learning?

Answer 17

Slower

Question 18

What regions of the brain process reading and writing?

Answer 18

The ones that produce and understand speech

Question 19

Unable to read

Answer 19

Alexia

Question 20

Unable to write

Answer 20

Agraphia

Question 21

Do children use nouns or verbs first?

Answer 21

Children use nouns first, then verbs

Question 22

Describe the language acquisition milestones.

Answer 22

1 year = speaks first word(s)

2 years = > 50 spoken words, usually in two- (and then three-) word phrases

3 years = 1000-word vocabulary but has many grammatical errors

4 years = grammar problems are random exceptions

Question 23

Whorfian hypothesis

Answer 23

Language or how a culture says things influences that culture’s perspective

Question 24

Roger Brown

Answer 24

Children’s understanding of grammatical rules develops as they make hypotheses about how syntax works and then self-correct with experience

Question 25

Katherine Nelson

Answer 25

Language begins to develop with the onset of active speech rather than during the first year of only listening

Question 26

William Labov

Answer 26

Studied Ebonics and found that it had its own complex internal structure

Question 27

Lev Vygotsky & Alexander Luria

Answer 27

Studied the development of word meanings and found them to be complex and altered by interpersonal experience.

Also, language is a tool involved in (not just a byproduct of) the development of abstract thinking

Question 28

Charles Osgood

Answer 28

Created semantic differential charts, which allowed people to plot the meaning of words on graphs

People with similar backgrounds and interests plotted words similarly

Words have similar connotations (implied meaning) for cultures or subcultures