LEARNING

Question 1

is a relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience.

Answer 1

learning

Question 2

according to _______ a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience

Answer 2

BEHAVIORIST

Question 3

according to _______ the process by which organisms relatively permanent changes in the way they represent the environment because of experience

Answer 3

COGNITIVE THEORIST

Question 4

a simple form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response usually evoked by another stimulus being paired repeatedly with the other stimulus

Answer 4

Classical Conditioning

Question 5

a simple unlearned response to a stimulus

Answer 5

reflex

Question 5

an environmental condition that elicits a response

Answer 5

stimulus

Question 6

he discovered that reflexes can also be learned or conditioned, by association.

Answer 6

Ivan Pavlov

Question 7

a stimulus that elicits aa response from an organism prior to conditioning

Answer 7

UCS (unconditioned stimulus)

Question 8

conditional reflexes are generally referred to as ______

Answer 8

conditioned responses

Question 9

an unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 9

UCR (UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE)

Question 10

an unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus

Answer 10

orienting reflex

Question 11

a previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has been paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already elicited the response

Answer 11

CS (CONDITIONED STIMULUS)

Question 12

a learned response to a conditioned stimulus

Answer 12

CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR)

Question 12

are aspects of conditioning that helps us adapt by updating our expectations or revising our thinking about changing environment

Answer 12

Extinction
Spontaneous recovery

Question 13

the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur

Answer 13

extinction

Question 14

CS no longer followed by an UCS - no longer elicits CR​

Answer 14

extinction

Question 14

the learned responses are said to be _____

Answer 14

extinguished

Question 15

Tendency for CR to be evoked by stimuli similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned

Answer 15

Generalization

Question 15

CR evoked by limited range of stimuli due to pairing only the limited stimulus with the US​

Answer 15

Discrimination​

Question 16

A function of time that has elapsed since extinction occurred​

Answer 16

Spontaneous Recovery​

Question 16

the recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time

Answer 16

Spontaneous Recovery​

Question 17

the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a CS and similar stimuli that do not forecast a UCS

Answer 17

Discrimination

Question 17

conditioning ​for fear​

Answer 17

“Little Albert”

Question 17

they conditioned two groups of rats

Answer 17

Garcia and Koelling

Question 17

Previously neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus after being repeatedly paired with a stimulus that has already become a conditioned stimulus​

Answer 17

Higher-Order Conditioning​

Question 18

a fear-reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear-evoking stimuli so that the fear-evoking stimuli lose their aversive qualities

Answer 18

counterconditioning

Question 19

readiness to acquire a certain kind of CR due to the biological makeup of the organism

Answer 19

biological preparedness

Question 20

fear evoking stimuli are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear responses are extinguished

Answer 20

flooding

Question 21

a behavioral fear-reduction technique in which a hierarchy of fear-evoking stimuli is presented while the person remains relaxed

Answer 21

systematic desensitization

Question 22

focuses on how organisms form anticipations about their environments

Answer 22

classical conditioning

Question 23

focuses on what they do about them

Answer 23

operant conditioning

Question 24

behavior that operates on, or manipulate the environment

Answer 24

operant behavior

Question 24

a simple form of learning in which an organism leans to engage in behavior because it reinforced.

Answer 24

operant conditioning

Question 25

to follow a response w/ stimulus that increases the frequency of the response

Answer 25

reinforce

Question 26

-Response is strengthened by a reward​ -Response would not occur in ways that bring punishment​ ​

Answer 26

Law of Effect​

Question 26

Thorndike's view that pleasant events stamp in responses and unpleasant events stamp them out

Answer 26

law of effect

Question 27

In operant conditioning, we learn to engage in operant behaviors also known as simply __________ , that result in presumably desirable outcomes

Answer 27

operants

Question 28

Increase probability behavior will occur when it is added​

Answer 28

Positive reinforcer​

Question 29

Increase probability behavior will occur when it is removed​

Answer 29

Negative reinforcer​

Question 30

increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are applied.

Answer 30

Positive and Negative reinforcer​s

Question 31

are more effective than delayed ​

Answer 31

Immediate reinforcers

Question 32

acquire value through association with established reinforcers​ and they are also termed _________

Answer 32

Secondary reinforcers Condition reinforcers

Question 33

effective because of biological makeup of organism​

Answer 33

Primary reinforcer

Question 34

are known by their effect (increase response)​

Answer 34

reinforces

Question 35

are pleasant events that affect behavior​

Answer 35

Rewards

Question 36

are aversive events that decrease the frequency of the behavior they follow​

Answer 36

Punishment

Question 37

are aversive events and both decrease the frequency of the behavior they follow.

Answer 37

Positive and Negative Punishments

Question 38

– apply aversive stimulus​

Answer 38

Positive punishment

Question 39

– remove pleasant stimulus ​

Answer 39

Negative punishment

Question 40

is a form of negative punishment because it places a misbehaving child in an environment in which she or he cannot experience rewards.

Answer 40

Time out

Question 41

Stimulus that indicates that reinforcement is available

Answer 41

Discriminative Stimuli​

Question 42

a schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced

Answer 42

Continuous reinforcement​

Question 43

one of several reinforcement schedules in which not every correct response is reinforced

Answer 43

Partial reinforcement​

Question 44

-Fixed amount of time​ -Response rate falls off after each reinforcement and then picks up as reinforcer approaches​

Answer 44

Fixed-interval schedule​

Question 45

-Unpredictable time elapses​ -Steadier but lower response rate (than fixed-interval)​

Answer 45

Variable-interval schedule​

Question 46

-Fixed number of correct responses ​ -High response rate; higher immediately after reinforcement​

Answer 46

Fixed-ratio schedule​

Question 46

a procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behavior

Answer 46

SHAPING

Question 46

a schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct responses

Answer 46

Variable-ratio schedule​

Question 47

behaviors which are progressively closer to a target behavior

Answer 47

successive approximations

Question 48

it has enabled people and lower animals to learn to control autonomic responses to attain reinforcement

Answer 48

Biofeedback Training (BFT)

Question 49

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment

Answer 49

cognitive map

Question 50

this method assumes that may complex task can be broken down into a number of small steps

Answer 50

Programmed Learning

Question 51

Tto reeinforce children when they are behaving appropriately and wwhen possible, to extinguish misbehavior by ignoring it.

Answer 51

BEHAVIOR MODIFICATON

Question 52

He showed that rats also learn about their environment in the absence of reinforcement

Answer 52

E. C. Tolman

Question 53

learning that is hidden or concealed

Answer 53

latent learning

Question 54

Learning only occurs when CS provides information about the US​

Answer 54

Contingency Theory​

Question 55

pairing tone (CS) with shock (US)​

Answer 55

Rescorla

Question 56

neurons that fire when an animal observes the behavior of another and that tend to stimulate imitative behavior

Answer 56

Mirror neurons

Question 57

according to him we can acquire skills by observing others

Answer 57

Albert Bandura

Question 58

– person who engages in response that is imitated​

Answer 58

Model

Question 59

the acquisition of knowledge and skills through the observation of other (models) rather than by means of direct experience

Answer 59

Observational Learning​