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psychology > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Define learning

A

relatively permanent change to behaviour occuring as result of experience

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2
Q

How does learning occur in classical conditioning?

A

Through forming associations between two unrelated stimuli

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3
Q

What two studies focus on classical conditioning?

A

Pavlov’s dogs
Little Albert

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4
Q

Outline the neutral, unconditioned and conditioned stimuli in Pavlov’s dogs.

A

NS: bell
UCS: food
CS: bell

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5
Q

Outline the unconditioned and conditioned responses in Pavlov’s dogs.

A

UCR and CR: salivation

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6
Q

How does the NS become the CS in classical conditioning?

A

Repeated pairing of the two.

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7
Q

List two criticisms of Pavlov’s experiments

A

Can’t be generalised to humans
Phsycial/psychological harm to dogs

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8
Q

Define stimulus generalisation

A

When similar stimuli both generate the conditioned response

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9
Q

Define extinction

A

Decrease in strength of a CR in response to a CS

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10
Q

What is it called when conditioning becomes extinct experimentally?

A

Extinguishing

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11
Q

What is it called when there is a reappearance of CR in response to the CS after extinguishing?

A

Spontaneous recovery

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12
Q

Who studied Little Albert?

A

Watson and Rayner

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13
Q

What was the aim of Little Albert

A

To investigate classical conditioning and stimuli generalisation in children

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14
Q

Identify the NS and UCS of Little Albert

A

NS: white rat
UCS: loud noise

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15
Q

Identify the UCR and CR of Little Albert

A

UCR/CR: crying

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16
Q

How does pairing effect the NS in Little Albert

A

It turns the NS into the CS

17
Q

How does stimuli generalisation occur in Little Albert?

A

Similar stimuli (santa clause beard, rabbit) cause the conditioned response

18
Q

List two criticisms of the Little Albert study

A

Psychological trauma
Not fully informed consent from mother

19
Q

How does learning occur in operant conditioning?

A

Thru consequence

20
Q

What is Thorndikes Law of Effect

A

Behaviour leading to pleasant responses is repeated

21
Q

Who studied the Superstitious Pigeons?

A

Skinner

22
Q

What were the results of the superstitious pigeons experiment?

A

Supersitious behaviour developed, they carried out unrelated behaviours with belief that it was influencing the consequence.

23
Q

List two criticisms of the Skinner box experiment

A

Doesn’t explain learning in higher animals
Ethical issues in relation to animals

24
Q

Giving student detention is an example of?

A

A positive punisher

25
Q

Removing a chore from your child is an example of?

A

A negative reinforcer

26
Q

Removing screen time from your child is an example of?

A

A negative punisher

27
Q

Giving a student a lolly reward is an example of?

A

A positive reinforcer

28
Q

What is the reaction and extinction rate of fixed ratio reinforcement?

A

RR: fast
ER: mid

29
Q

What is reaction and extinction rate of variable ratio reinforcement?

A

RR: fast
ER: slow

30
Q

What is the reaction and extinction rate of fixed interval reinforcement?

A

RR: mid
ER: mid

31
Q

What is the reaction and extinction rate of variable interval reinforcement?

A

RR: fast
ER: slow

32
Q

What are the steps of the Three Phase Model?

A

Antecedent, Behaviour and Consequence

psychology (6 decks)

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