Learning Flashcards
A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience
Learning
A simple form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response usually evoked by another stimulus by being paired repeatedly with the other stimulus
Classical conditioning
A simple unlearned response to stimulus
Reflex
An environmental condition that elicits a response
Stimulus
A stimulus that elicit a response from an organism prior to conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus
An unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
An unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus
Orienting reflex
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has been paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already elicited that response
Conditioned stimulus
A learned response to a conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
The process for which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned response because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur
Extinction
The recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage time
Spontaneous recovery
In conditioning, the tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned
Generalization
In conditioning, the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a CS and similar stimuli that do not forecast a UCS
Discrimination
A classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neural stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a CS by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus
Higher order conditioning
Readiness to acquire a certain kind of CR due to the biological make up of the organism
Biological preparedness
A fear reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear evoking stimuli so that the fearevoking stimuli love their aversive qualities
Counter conditioning
A behavioral fear reduction technique based on principles of classical conditioning, fear
Evoking stimuli are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear response are extinguished
Flooding
A behavioral fear reduction technique in which a hierarchy of fear evoking stimuli is presented while the persons remained relax
Systematic desensitization
Thorndikes view that pleasant events stamp in response, with a stimulus that increases the frequency of the response
Law of effect
To follow a response with a stimulus that increases the frequency of response
Reinforce
Behavior that operates on, or manipulate the environment
Operant behavior
A simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior because it in reinforced
Operant conditioning
It is a method of learning that uses punishment and reward to modify behavior
Operant conditioning
A reinforcer that when presented increases the frequency of an operant
Positive reinforcer
Reinforcer that when remove increases the frequency of an operant
Negative reinforcer
An unlearned reinforcer whose effectiveness is based on the biological make up of the organism and not on learning
Primary reinforcer
A stimulus that gains reinforcement value through association with established reinforcer
Secondary reinforcer
Another term for a secondary reinforcer
Conditioned reinforcer
In an operant conditioning, a stimulus that indicates that reinforcement is available
Discriminative stimulus
A schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced
Continuous reinforcement
One of several reinforcement schedule in which not every correct response is reinforced
Partial reinforcement
A schedule in which a fixed amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available
Fixed interval schedule
A schedule in which a variable amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available
Variable interval schedule
A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct response
Fixed ratio schedule
A variable in which reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct response
Variable ratio schedule
A procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behavior
Shaping
Behaviors which are progressively closer to a target behavior
Successive approximation
A mental representation of the layout of ones environment
Cognitive map
A learning that is hidden or concealed
Latent learning
The view that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli
Contingency theory
The acquisition of skills through observation
Observational learning
An organism that engages in a response that is then imitated by another organism
Model
