Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Process of acquiring new information
Our experiences change our nervous system and behavior (changing based on environmental input)

Question 2

Process of learning/memory

Answer 2

Encoding (learning) –> Consolidation (memory) –> Storage (memory) –> Retrieval (memory)

Question 3

3 types of learning

Answer 3

Stimulus-response
Perceptual learning
Relational learning

Question 4

2 types of stimulus-response

Answer 4

Classical conditioning/Operant conditioning
Motor learning

Question 5

Classical conditioning

Answer 5

Involves unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response
Pavlov example

Question 6

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 6

Stimulus that produces defensive or appetitive response
Natural response, not learned

Question 7

Unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 7

Response to unconditioned stimulus

Question 8

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 8

Stimulus, which when paired with US during training, comes to elicit a learned response

Question 9

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 9

Response to the presentation of a conditioned stimulus

Question 10

Operant conditioning

Answer 10

“Instrumental conditioning”
Association between stimulus and response
Employs rewards (positive/add) and punishers (negative/remove)
Positive punishment, negative punishment, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement

Question 11

Positive punishment

Answer 11

Giving something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occuring

Question 12

Negative punishment

Answer 12

Taking something away to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occuring

Question 13

Positive reinforcement

Answer 13

Giving something to increase the likelihood of a behavior occuring

Question 14

Negative reinforcement

Answer 14

Taking something away to increase the likelihood of a behavior occuring

Question 15

Operant conditioning (neural level)

Answer 15

Selectively strengthens connections between neural circuits that produce a particular response
Neural circuits begin in sensory association cortex (perception) and end in the motor association cortex of the frontal lobe (movement)

Question 16

Two pathways in operant conditioning

Answer 16

Transcortical pathways
Basal ganglia and thalamic pathways

Question 17

Transcortical pathways

Answer 17

Direct connections between different areas of the cerebral cortex
Involved with declarative, episodic memories, complex perceptual memories of sequences (ex: learning to drive)

Question 18

Basal ganglia and thalamic pathways

Answer 18

Learned behaviors become automatic/habitual/routine

Question 19

Motor learning

Answer 19

Type of stimulus-response learning (riding a bike)
Learning to make a new response through the establishment of changes within the motor system

Question 20

Motor learning (neural level)

Answer 20

The more novel the behavior, the more neural circuits in the motor system must be modified
Involves cortex and basal ganglia

Question 21

Perceptual learning

Answer 21

Involves learning to recognize things that you have perceived before (changes in environment from the last time you saw it)
We learn that specific stimuli are found in specific situations
We learn sequences of episodes/events
Cortex plays important role

Question 22

Perceptual learning is mediated by

Answer 22

Extrastriate cortex (ventral stream and dorsal stream)

Question 23

Relational learning

Answer 23

Complex learning involving associations between multiple stimuli
Involved in most learning
Hippocampus plays major role