Learning

Question 1

What does classical conditioning involve?

Answer 1

reflexes

Question 2

what does operant conditioning involve?

Answer 2

voluntary behaviors

Question 3

What was pavlov’s contribution to conditioning?

Answer 3

Pavlov’s aim was to discover what caused
saliva to flow here he routed the saliva
in ducts to the outside of his dog’s
cheek so that he could collect and
measure the spittle perhaps he thought
the production of saliva might be the
result of the fixed nervous reflux like
a knee jerk after taking many
measurements of spittle he confirmed
that the dogs drooled automatically when
their tongues touched food he called the
response the salivation reflex but his
work started to run into trouble as his
dogs became familiar with the
experimental routine they started to
fill their cheek tubes before Pavlov had
a chance to stimulate their tongues the
dogs were learning to anticipate food
Pavlov tried a new technique he erected
screens so that the dogs couldn’t see
what was going on before passing meat
through the hatch he introduced a
stimulus that was totally unrelated to
feeding a ticking metronome at first the dog dripped saliva into it’s cheek tube only when the food appeared but after a number of trials the dog began to connect the ticking with the arrival of meat soon the sound alone made the dog drool eventually the dogs salivated as much to the ticking itself as it did originally to the presentation of food o straggle ale he called this new response the conditioned reflex whatever the stimulus his dogs could soon be conditioned to produce saliva Pavlov believed that he had discovered how animals learned even in the wild

Question 4

What was Skinner’s contribution to conditioning?

Answer 4

Skinner showed how negative reinforcement worked by placing a rat in his Skinner box and then subjecting it to an unpleasant electric current which caused it some discomfort. As the rat moved about the box it would accidentally knock the lever. Immediately it did so the electric current would be switched off.

Question 5

What is the definition of learning?

Answer 5

A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

Question 6

What is a definition of Pavlov’s Experiment & Classical Conditioning?

Answer 6

A simple form of associate learning that enables organisms to anticipate events.

Question 7

What is associative learning?

Answer 7

Associative learning involves the encoding of relationships between events, for example, between two stimuli or between a stimulus and a response

Question 8

What is a stimulus?

Answer 8

An environmental condition that elicits a response

Question 9

what is an unconditioned stimulus? (US)

Answer 9

A stimulus that elicits a response before conditioning.

Question 10

What is a conditioned stimulus? (CS)

Answer 10

A previously neutral stimulus (NS) that elicits a conditioned response (CR) because it has been repeatedly paired with a stimulus that already elicited the response.

Question 11

What is an unconditioned response? (UR)

Answer 11

An unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus (US).

Question 12

what is a conditioned response? (CR)

Answer 12

A learned response to a conditioned stimulus (CS).

Question 13

what is a trace?

Answer 13

A procedure in which the CS is presented and removed before the US is presented.

Question 14

what does delayed mean?

Answer 14

A procedure in which the CS is presented before the US and remains in place until the response occurs.

Question 15

what is a simultaneous?

Answer 15

◦ A procedure in which the CS and US are presented at the same time.

Question 16

what does backwards mean?

Answer 16

A procedure in which the US is presented before the CS.

Question 17

taste aversion

Answer 17

Conditioned taste aversion is a learned association between the taste of a particular food and illness such that the food is considered to be the cause of the illness. As a result of the learned association, there is a hedonic shift from positive to negative in the preference for the food.

Question 18

what is the most powerful form of classical conditioning?

Answer 18

taste aversion

Question 19

what was Garcia’s experiments?

Answer 19

Garcia conducted a two-part experiment on the development of taste aversion for rats in the first part thirsty rats were provided with saccharin flavored water
paired with a bright light and a clicking noise which was originally the neutral stimulus there were two groups of rats one was electrically shocked which was the unconditioned stimulus which reflexively evoked a pain response pain being the unconditioned response the second group was exposed to radiation via x-rays which was the unconditioned stimulus which reflexively vocht illness which was the unconditioned response for that group so
in response to this the actual rats developed a taste of urgent - saccharin
flavored water so their conditional response was avoiding the saccharin flavored water all it required was the smell of it and they’d avoid it so the second flavor was the conditioned stimulus which after one trial the rats avoided the conditioned response then Gussie conducted part two of the experiment in which the rats were offered water or
either saccharin flavored water with no
light or noise or unflavored water paired with the light and the noise the group of rats that were originally paired with the light and click noise they now avoided the water when it was preceded by the light in the click noise the lightning click noise being the conditioned stimulus the conditioned response being the rats avoiding the water that is the Association to be made between the light and the click sound with pain the second group of rats that became ill from the radiation that is there was a pairing of the radiation with the saccharin flavored water they now
avoided water that had that saccharin
smell so just on the smell conditioned stimulus the smell of the saccharin
flavored water they would not drink it again the Association had been made between the smell of the saccharine water and actually becoming ill by that radiation unconditioned stimulus for both group of rats a taste version had been conditioned so Garcia’s conclusion that rats had learned to avoid the unconditioned stimulus whether it be an electric shock or nausea from the drug by avoiding the water that was paired with this thus rats and indeed we can generalize these results to animals associate stimuli in ways that foster and enhance our survival survival of the fittest

Question 20

what is cognitive processes in learning?

Answer 20

One of the higher mental processes, such as perception, memory, language, problem solving, and abstract thinking

Question 21

what is a biological predisposition?

Answer 21

An increased likelihood of developing a particular disease based on a person’s genetic makeup. A genetic predisposition results from specific genetic variations that are often inherited from a parent.

Question 22

what was the association principle?

Answer 22

When two or more things that are not related are somehow connected in our minds to create a relation between them.

Question 23

what did John. B Watson have to do with Classical conditioning?

Answer 23

Used the principles of classical conditioning in the study of human emotion.

Question 24

what was “The Little Albert Experiment?”

Answer 24

an example of how classical conditioning can be to condition an conditioned emotional response. To test the belief that fear can be acquired through classical conditioning. Fear response (UCR) with him on a mattress and a white rat (NS) within reaching distance. As he was playing with the white rat, another experimenter stood behind Albert and struck a hammer upon a suspended steel bar to produce a loud noise (UCS) 3 times. Carried out over a 17 day period
1. white rat suddenly taken from the basket and presented to Albert. As his left hand touched the animal the bar was struck immediately behind Albert’s head
2. as his right hand touched the rat, the bar was again struck
3. one week later the loud noise was again sounded every time Albert attempted to play with the white rat
4. pairing continued for a total of 7 trials
After the first stimulation the infant jumped violently and fell forward, burying his face into the mattress. He did not cry
After the second stimulation, the infant jumped violently, fell forward and began to whimper
After the seven trials, when the white rat was presented (now the CS) the baby began to cry. Almost instantly he turned sharply to the left, fell over on his left side, raised himself on all fours and began to crawl away so rapidly that he was caught with difficulty before reaching the edge of the table

Question 25

The unconditioned stimulus of loud noise leads to

Answer 25

an unconditioned response of fear

Question 26

The conditioned stimulus of a rat + the unconditioned stimulus of loud noise leads to

Answer 26

The Unconditioned response of fear.

Question 27

the conditioned stimulus of a rat lead to a

Answer 27

conditioned response of fear.

Question 28

The stimulus similar to a rat lead to

Answer 28

a conditioned fear (generalization)

Question 29

what is a phobia?

Answer 29

A phobia is an overwhelming and debilitating fear of an object, place, situation, feeling or animal. Phobias are more pronounced than fears. They develop when a person has an exaggerated or unrealistic sense of danger about a situation or object.

Question 30

what is a counterconditioning phobia?

Answer 30

It was developed by Wolpe during the 1950s. This therapy aims to remove the fear response of a phobia, and substitute a relaxation response to the conditional stimulus gradually using counter-conditioning. The patient is counterconditioned, taught a new association that is to counter the original behavior learnt.

Question 31

What is systematic desensitization?

Answer 31

a type of exposure therapy based on the principle of classical conditioning. It was developed by Wolpe during the 1950s. This therapy aims to remove the fear response of a phobia, and substitute a relaxation response to the conditional stimulus gradually using counter-conditioning.
The imagined stimuli to help with a phobia of snakes may include: a picture of a snake; a small snake in a nearby room; a snake in full view; touching of the snake, etc. At each step in the imagined progression, the patient is desensitized to the phobia through exposure to the stimulus while in a state of relaxation.

Question 32

Advertising in means of classical conditioning…

Answer 32

The general idea is to create an advertisement that has positive features such that the ad creates enjoyment in the person exposed to it. The enjoyable ad serves as the unconditioned stimulus (US), and the enjoyment is the unconditioned response (UR).

Question 33

The stimulus of lighting + the stimulus of thunder with heavy repetition leads to the result of

Answer 33

a stimulus of laughing causing a response of wincing while anticipating thunder.

Question 34

What is operational instrumental conditioning?

Answer 34

Instrumental conditioning (also called operant conditioning) is a procedure in which a reinforcement, such as food, is delivered contingent upon a response, although it may also be contingent upon the time of occurrence of a previous stimulus or reinforcement.

Question 35

What does Thorndike have to do with operational instrumental conditioning?

Answer 35

Thorndike used mostly cats he would place the cat in the puzzle box with a scrap of fish placed right outside the box the Thorndike then timed how long it would take the cat to to escape the cats would try different ways to escape and would eventually stumble upon the lever to open the cage after escaping Thorndike placed the cat back inside and timed how long it took the cat to escape a second time and a third time and a fourth exception the cats would learn that pressing the lever had this behavior becoming quicker and quicker at pressing the letter lauren’d I called this the law of effect and concluded three main factors one the law of effect is determined by consequence to the law of recency requires that reoccurrence is determined by the most recent response three the law of exercise states that when a stimulus is administered upon response each subsequent response is strengthened
in other words the law of effect states that any behavior followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped Thorndike had originally believed that reward and Punishment were equal in terms of effect but he eventually. determined that reward was far more effective and that punishment may actually lead to the repetition of an undesired behavior for example if a student studies for a test they look at an A and it will encourage them to study for tests in the future whereas if a student does not study for a test they will fail and will hopefully learn from their mistake and study next time getting an a on a test is much more effective than failing because it has a positive our teachers should use positive rewards in their classroom to encourage good behavior and good study skills from their students positive rewards come in all shapes and forms it can be as small as a piece of candy or it could be a call home to tell the parents how well their child is doing in class it is important to take time to learn about your students to see what form of reward they respond best to it is also important to use repetition and teaching Thorndike repeatedly put the cat in the box and each time the cat got faster and faster at finding the way out of the box think back to third grade when you were learning your multiplication tables each week you had a time test on a certain times tables and the more you practice the faster you got I’m sure if you were asked what nine times eight is you would be able to tell me is 72 off the top of your head
because you had been conditioned to immediately say the product of any common multiplication problem his is an example of operant conditioning which eventually led to Pavlov’s classical conditioning theory Thorndike thought that punishments were not as effective as positive rewards this is growing more and more common in today’s tutu styles experts say that for every bad behavior you correct you should reward three good behaviors if a child is constantly being told that they are doing something wrong they will soon believe that they can never do anything right instead of constantly feeding on to a student for bad behavior you should encourage the good behaviors they are doing while punishments are important they should not be the main focus in your classroom students need a positive environment to learn and grow many criticized Thorndike’s law of effect because it only looks at the physical response to the problem Thorndike cannot ask his subjects their mental process and find out the reasoning behind their behavior this is a problem with working just with animal subjects you cannot ask the cat what changed for them that allowed them to get out of the box faster than the time before he focused on the reaction to the stimulus many say this leaves the gap in
his understanding - the response to the
stimulus and while reinforcements are a
big part of his theory he personally did
not do a lot of study on them it was
evident in his experiments that the cats
responded better to a positive reinforcement. Thorndike’s work influenced America’s public school system and led to the development of operant conditioning within behaviorism because of his work we have learned a lot about what can motivate students you

Question 36

What was Skinner’s Argument?

Answer 36

He argued that behavior is best understood in terms of the principles of reinforcement.

Question 37

What is operant conditioning full definition.

Answer 37

A simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior because it is reinforced.

Question 38

what is operant behavior?

Answer 38

A voluntary behavior that is reinforced.

Question 39

What is reinforcement?

Answer 39

An operant procedure that maintains or increases a behavior.

Question 40

what is positive reinforcement?

Answer 40

Once presented, the reinforcer increases the frequency of the operant behavior.

Question 41

what is negative reinforcement?

Answer 41

Once removed, the
frequency of the operant behavior is increased.

Question 42

what is punishment?

Answer 42

An operant procedure that reduces a behavior.

Question 43

what is positive punishment?

Answer 43

Once presented, the
punisher decreases the frequency of the operant behavior.

Question 44

what is negative punishment?

Answer 44

once removed, the frequency of the operant behavior decreases.

Question 45

what is continuous reinforcement?

Answer 45

Every correct response is reinforced.

Question 46

what is partial reinforcement?

Answer 46

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Question 47

Fixed ratio

Answer 47

Reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses.

Question 48

Fixed Interval

Answer 48

A fixed amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available.

Question 49

Variable Ratio

Answer 49

Reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct
responses.

Question 50

Variable Interval

Answer 50

A variable amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available.

Question 51

What are some alternatives to punishment?

Answer 51

response prevention, extinction, and differential reinforcement.

Question 52

What is response prevention?

Answer 52

Response prevention means refraining from compulsions, avoidance, or escape behaviors.

Question 53

what is extinction?

Answer 53

Extinction is a behavioral phenomenon observed in both operantly conditioned and classically conditioned behavior, which manifests itself by fading of non-reinforced conditioned response over time.

Question 54

what is differential reinforcement?

Answer 54

the process of reinforcing a specific response in a particular context and not reinforcing (i.e., extinguishing) other responses.

Question 55

What is mindful learning?

Answer 55

Langer (2000) contends that learning requires mindful
engagement with the material being learned.

Question 56

What is the over justification effect?

Answer 56

rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation.

Question 57

Beyond Freedom and Dignity- Skinner

Answer 57

Beyond Freedom and Dignity urges us to reexamine the ideals we have taken for granted and to consider the possibility of a radically behaviorist approach to human problems–one that has appeared to some incompatible with those ideals, but which envisions the building of a world in which humankind can attain.

Question 58

Superstitious Behaviors

Answer 58

Behavior that’s based upon a false belief of one occurrence causing another, so the behavior is based upon an inaccurate causal relationship.

Question 59

Walden Two

Answer 59

• interested in applying ideas about rewards and contingencies to people, but experiments were only about behavior in rats and pigeons:
• book was a glimpse at how he would apply these ideas to people and the outcomes he would expect and want to see
• prove a better society can exist by behavior modification
• maximize efficiency
• maximize quality of life and well-being of members
• education - prioritizing interest
• create “everyone is a family” mentality - weaken typical family structure
• prove humanity can be made “good” by controlling the environment (not inherent goodness)

Question 60

What was Bandura’s experiment?

Answer 60

Aggressive styles of behavior through modeling children watched a film de dolt
perform novel aggressive acts toward a
inflated doll and the physical aggression was accompanied by novel hostile remarks we letter measured how much of this modeled aggression the children had learned just by watching now the measurement of learning of aggression uses simulated targets rather than live ones for example to test how well Bandura’s have learned bombing strategies you use simulated targets rather than require them to bomb San Francisco or New York the model pummeled a doll with a mallet flung it in the air kicked it repeatedly threw it down and beat it, it was once widely believed that seeing others vent aggression would drain the viewers aggressive drive as you can see exposure to aggressive modeling is hardly Qatari exposure to aggressive modeling increased attraction to guns even though it was never modeled guns had less appeal to children who had no exposure to the aggressive modeling the children

Question 61

What is observational learning?

Answer 61

when one learns by watching the behaviour demonstrated by another (model) whilst noting the positive and negative consequences of their actions and using this as a guide for one’s own future actions.

Question 62

What is media violence and aggression?

Answer 62

Children tend to learn antisocial behavior when exposed to aggressive, negative models in the media.
 Bushman & Anderson (2001)

Question 63

what is acquisition?

Answer 63

the process of obtaining a new behavior

Question 64

hot coffee spillage

Answer 64

unconditioned response—> feeling in pain
unconditioned stimulus—> hot coffee

Question 65

classical conditioning

Answer 65

a type of learning that uses a naturally occurring stimulus paired with a naturally occurring response.