Human Development Flashcards
what is developmental psychology?
A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the life span.
what is prenatal development and its stages?
The period from conception until birth. The stages contain Germinal Stage, Embryonic Stage, Fetal Stage.
What is the germinal stage?
It is the Ovum Stage approximately 10 days to 2 weeks. The germinal stage of pregnancy starts at the time of conception, when the sperm and the egg combine to form a zygote. During the germinal stage, the zygote begins to divide in order to implant into the uterine wall. Once implantation is complete, the embryonic stage begins.
what is the embryonic stage?
Approximately 2 to 8 weeks
* Ends with the appearance of bone cells and the
formation of the placenta.
After conception, your baby begins a period of dramatic change known as the embryonic stage. This stage runs from the 5th through the 10th week of pregnancy. During this stage, the baby is called an embryo. There are numerous changes that occur during the embryonic stage.
What is the fetal stage?
Approximately 8 to 40 weeks.
After the embryonic stage, the fetal stage begins and your baby is called a fetus. This stage runs from the 11th week until birth. Your baby will grow longer and gain weight quicker.
What is the Critical Period of Development?
A fixed and crucial time during the early development of an organism when it is able to learn things which are essential to survival. These influences impact the development of processes such as hearing and vision, social bonding, and language learning. Virtually all major birth defects occur in the first trimester.
what are teratogens?
Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
What does physical development consist of?
reflexes, perceptual development, motor development, and maturation.
what are reflexes?
simple unlearned responses to a stimulus
what is perceptual development?
Perceptual development refers to how children start taking in, interpreting, and understanding sensory input. 1. Perception allows children to adapt and interact with their environment through the use of their senses. Children are born with the ability to see, hear, smell, taste, and touch.
what is motor development?
Motor development is part of physical development, and refers to the growth in the ability of children to use their bodies and physical skills. Motor development can be divided into gross motor skills and fine motor skills. occurs in the first year.
maturation
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior
what is cognitive development?
Cognitive development means the growth of a child’s ability to think and reason. This growth happens differently from ages 6 to 12, and from ages 12 to 18. Children ages 6 to 12 years old develop the ability to think in concrete ways. These are called concrete operations.
Social Development
Social development is about improving the well-being of every individual in society so they can reach their full potential. The success of society is linked to the well-being of each and every citizen. Social development means investing in people.
personality development
Personality development refers to the process by which the organized thought and behavior patterns that make up a person’s unique personality emerge over time. Many factors influence personality, including genetics and environment, how we were parented, and societal variables.
Scheme
a concept or framework that organizes and
interprets information
assimilation
interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas
Accomodation
adapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
What are the stages of Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory?
Sensormotor (0-2).
Preopterational (2-7)
Concrete Operational (7-12)
Formal Operational (12+)
Sensormotor stage (0-2)
-develops object permanence
It is marked by the child discovering the difference between themselves and their environment. At that point, they will use their senses to learn things about both themselves and their environment
what is object permanence?
Object permanence involves understanding that items and people still exist even when you can’t see or hear them. This concept was discovered by child psychologist Jean Piaget and is an important milestone in a baby’s brain development.
what is the pre optional stage? (2-7)
-operations
-limitations of pre optional logic (These include the inability to decenter, conserve, understand seriation (the inability to understand that objects can be organized into a logical series or order) and to carry out inclusion tasks. Children in the preoperational stage are able to focus on only one aspect or dimension of problems (i.e. centration).)
what does concrete optional mean? (7-12)
According to Piaget, thinking in this stage is characterized by logical operations, such as conservation, reversibility or classification, allowing logical reasoning.
ex. mature enough to use logical thought or operations (i.e. rules) but can only apply logic to physical objects
formal operational (12+)
the ability to formulatehypotheses and systematically test them to arrive at an answer to a problem. The individual in the formal stage is also able to think abstractly and tounderstand the form or structure of a mathematical problem.
What is cognitive language development?
The communication of thoughts and feelings through symbols that are arranged according to the rules of grammar.
what is the development of vocabulary?
A child’s vocabulary expands between the ages of 2 to 6 from about 200 words to over 10,000 words through a process called fast-mapping. Words are easily learned by making connections between new words and concepts already known. The parts of speech that are learned depend on the language and what is emphasized. Children speaking verb-friendly languages such as Chinese and Japanese as well as those speaking English tend to learn nouns more readily. But those learning less verb-friendly languages such as English seem to need assistance in grammar to master the use of verbs (Imai, et als, 2008). Children are also very creative in creating their own words to use as labels such as a “take-care-of” when referring to John, the character on the cartoon, Garfield, who takes care of the cat.
what is the development of grammar?
Children learn rules of grammar as they learn language but may apply these rules inappropriately at first. For instance, a child learns to ad “ed” to the end of a word to indicate past tense. Then form a sentence such as “I goed there. I doed that.” This is typical at ages 2 and 3. They will soon learn new words such as went and did to be used in those situations.
what are holophrases?
A holophrase is a single-word phrase such as Okay that expresses a complete, meaningful thought
what is telegraphic speech?
Telegraphic speech is a fancy name for two-word sentences.
what is overregularziation?
“application of a principle of regular change to a word that changes irregularly.” Examples of overregularization in verb use include using the word comed instead of came.
What was Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?
Cognitive in nature, Kohlberg’s theory focuses on the thinking process that occurs when one decides whether a behaviour is right or wrong. Thus, the theoretical emphasis is on how one decides to respond to a moral dilemma, not what one decides or what one actually does.
what are the three stages of Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?
1) pre conventional
2) conventional
3) post conventional
Preconventional moral development
morality is externally controlled. Rules imposed by authority figures are conformed to in order to avoid punishment or receive rewards. This perspective involves the idea that what is right is what one can get away with or what is personally satisfying.
Conventional moral development
characterized by an individuals’ understanding of universal ethical principles. These are abstract and ill-defined, but might include: the preservation of life at all costs, and the importance of human dignity.
post conventional moral development
identifies the ethical reasoning of moral actors who make decisions based on rights, values, duties, or principles that are (or could be) universalizable.
doing something that you think is right that is not normally accepted.
What are Erik Erickson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development?
– Trust versus Mistrust
– Initiative versus Guilt
– Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt
– Industry versus Inferiority
– Identity versus Role Diffusion
– Intimacy versus Isolation
– Generativity versus Stagnation
– Ego Integrity versus Despair
Trust vs. mistrust (1st year)
If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (2nd year)
Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.
Initiative vs. guilt (3-5 years)
Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent.
Competence vs. inferiority (6 —> puberty)
Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior.
Identity vs. role confusion (adolescence—> 20s)
teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are.
Intimacy vs. isolation
Young adults struggle to form close relation- ships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.
Generativity vs. stagnation
When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or
failure.
What is an attachment?
An emotional tie that is formed between one animal or person and another specific individual.
what kind of behaviors define attachment?
Three measures were recorded:
Stranger Anxiety - response to arrival of a stranger. Separation Anxiety - distress level when separated from carer, degree of comfort needed on return. Social Referencing - degree that child looks at carer to check how they should respond to something new (secure base)
What are the three types of attachment?
Secure, Avoidant, and Ambivalent/Resistant.
What is secure attachment?
As you and your baby connect with one another, your baby learns how to have a healthy sense of self and how to be in a loving, empathetic relationship.
What is avoidant attachment?
Avoidant attachment is an attachment style a child develops when their parent or main caretaker doesn’t show care or responsiveness past providing essentials like food and shelter. The child disregards their own struggles and needs in order to maintain peace and keep their caregiver close by.
Ambivalent/Resistant attachment
Children who have a resistant (ambivalent) attachment pattern are thought to maintain proximity to their caregiver by ‘up-regulating’ their attachment behaviour: when they are separated from a caregiver, they may become very distressed and may be angry, and resist contact when the caregiver return.
What are the stagers of attachment?
Stages of Attachment
– Initial-Preattachment Phase
– Attachment-in-the-Making Phase
– Clear-Cut-Attachment Phase
Initial-Preattachment Phase
Newborns call caregivers to their side. They will cry or smile, which helps keep people close by. Infants may recognize their caregivers, but they do not show a preference for them over strangers.
Attachment-in-the-Making Phase
Infants show a preference for familiar people. They are more interactive with familiar people and are more easily comforted by them. But infants are still happy to spend some time with strangers.
Clear-Cut-Attachment Phase
Here, infants and toddlers show clear attachment to primary caregivers. They begin using their caregivers as a secure base.
Behavioral Theories of Attachment
The theory proposes that children attach to carers instinctively, for the purpose of survival and, ultimately, genetic replication. The biological aim is survival and the psychological aim is security. The relationship that a child has with their attachment figure is especially important in threatening situations.
Harlow Theories of Attachment
The behavioral theory of attachment suggests that an infant would form an attachment with a caregiver that provides food. In contrast, Harlow’s explanation was that attachment develops as a result of needing tactile comfort, such as wanting to touch and cling to something or someone for emotional support.
Ethology theory of Attachment
babies are biologically prepared to contribute actively to establish a bond with their caregivers, which promotes the chances for their individual genes to survive.
Lorenz
Imprinting occurs when an animal forms an attachment to the first thing it sees upon hatching. Lorenz discovered that newly hatched goslings would follow the first moving object they saw — often Lorenz himself.
Authoritative
In this parenting style, the parents are nurturing, responsive, and supportive, yet set firm limits for their children. They attempt to control children’s behavior by explaining rules, discussing, and reasoning. They listen to a child’s viewpoint but don’t always accept it.
Authoritarian
Authoritarian parenting is an extremely strict parenting style. It places high expectations on children with little responsiveness. As an authoritarian parent, you focus more on obedience, discipline, control rather than nurturing your child.
Permissive
Permissive parenting, sometimes called “indulgent parenting,” is a style of child-rearing that features two key traits: being nurturing and warm (which is good for kids), and. being reluctant to impose limits (which is problematic)
Puberty
*The period during which the body becomes sexually mature.
*Begins with the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics that serve to separate the sexes.
What is cognitive development?
Cognitive development means the growth of a child’s ability to think and reason. This growth happens differently from ages 6 to 12, and from ages 12 to 18. Children ages 6 to 12 years old develop the ability to think in concrete ways. These are called concrete operations.
The formal operational stage
The formal operational stage is characterized by the ability to formulatehypotheses and systematically test them to arrive at an answer to a problem. The individual in the formal stage is also able to think abstractly and tounderstand the form or structure of a mathematical problem.
what is Adolescent egocentrism?
Adolescent egocentrism is characterized by the capacity to take account of other people’s thoughts, as Elkind (1967, 1030) describes, ‘It is this belief that others are preoccupied with his appearance and behavior that constitutes the egocentrism of the adolescent.
What is the post conventional level of moral reasoning?
the individual moves beyond the perspective of his or her own society. Morality is defined in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies. The individual attempts to take the perspective of all individuals.
what is Ego identity?
Ego identity is the sense of identity that provides individuals with the ability to experience their sense of who they are, and also act on that sense, in a way that has continuity and sameness. The most influential theorist in this area, Erikson (1968) described ego identity as a means for continuity of the person
What is role diffusion?
Role diffusion is defined by the authors as the process of assuming or being appointed to roles and duties that individuals from other fields or specialties are equally qualified to perform in the work environment.
what is Menopause
Menopause is a point in time 12 months after a woman’s last period. The years leading up to that point, when women may have changes in their monthly cycles, hot flashes, or other symptoms, are called the menopausal transition or perimenopause. The menopausal transition most often begins between ages 45 and 55.
what is Manopause?
Some men develop depression, loss of sex drive, erectile dysfunction, and other physical and emotional symptoms when they reach their late 40s to early 50s. Other symptoms common in men this age are: mood swings and irritability.
Programmed Sequences
a combination of behavioral incidents directed toward a particular goal or outcome
What is the The Wear-and-Tear Theory
The wear and tear theory of aging is an idea proposed by German biologist, Dr. August Wiesmann, in 1882. The theory suggests that aging results from a gradual deterioration of the cells and tissues of the body via wear and tear, oxidative stress, exposure to radiation, toxins, or other deteriorative processes.
Crystallized Intelligence
the ability to utilize skills and knowledge acquired via prior learning
one’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
tends to increase with age
Fluid Intelligence
being able to think and reason abstractly and solve problems.
ones ability to reason speedily and abstractly
tends to decrease during late adulthood
Young Adulthood
Intimacy versus Isolation: Intimacy versus isolation is the sixth stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. This stage takes place during young adulthood between the ages of approximately 18 to 40 yrs. During this stage, the major conflict centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people.
The Thirties
Age – 30 Transition
Middle Adulthood
Generativity versus Stagnation: Generativity- the propensity and willingness to engage in acts that promote the wellbeing of younger generations as a way of ensuring the long-term survival of the species
Stagnation- failure to find a way to contribute.
– Midlife Transition
* Midlife Crisis
* Middlescence
* Empty-Nest Syndrome
Late Adulthood
- Ego Integrity versus Despair
- Successful Aging
- On Death and Dying
- The Five Stages
Ego Integrity versus Despair
It is during this time that we contemplate our accomplishments and can develop integrity if we see ourselves as leading a successful life.
Successful Aging
According to the classic concept of Rowe and Kahn, successful ageing is defined as high physical, psychological, and social functioning in old age without major diseases
