Human Development Flashcards
what is developmental psychology?
A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the life span.
what is prenatal development and its stages?
The period from conception until birth. The stages contain Germinal Stage, Embryonic Stage, Fetal Stage.
What is the germinal stage?
It is the Ovum Stage approximately 10 days to 2 weeks. The germinal stage of pregnancy starts at the time of conception, when the sperm and the egg combine to form a zygote. During the germinal stage, the zygote begins to divide in order to implant into the uterine wall. Once implantation is complete, the embryonic stage begins.
what is the embryonic stage?
Approximately 2 to 8 weeks
* Ends with the appearance of bone cells and the
formation of the placenta.
After conception, your baby begins a period of dramatic change known as the embryonic stage. This stage runs from the 5th through the 10th week of pregnancy. During this stage, the baby is called an embryo. There are numerous changes that occur during the embryonic stage.
What is the fetal stage?
Approximately 8 to 40 weeks.
After the embryonic stage, the fetal stage begins and your baby is called a fetus. This stage runs from the 11th week until birth. Your baby will grow longer and gain weight quicker.
What is the Critical Period of Development?
A fixed and crucial time during the early development of an organism when it is able to learn things which are essential to survival. These influences impact the development of processes such as hearing and vision, social bonding, and language learning. Virtually all major birth defects occur in the first trimester.
what are teratogens?
Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
What does physical development consist of?
reflexes, perceptual development, motor development, and maturation.
what are reflexes?
simple unlearned responses to a stimulus
what is perceptual development?
Perceptual development refers to how children start taking in, interpreting, and understanding sensory input. 1. Perception allows children to adapt and interact with their environment through the use of their senses. Children are born with the ability to see, hear, smell, taste, and touch.
what is motor development?
Motor development is part of physical development, and refers to the growth in the ability of children to use their bodies and physical skills. Motor development can be divided into gross motor skills and fine motor skills. occurs in the first year.
maturation
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior
what is cognitive development?
Cognitive development means the growth of a child’s ability to think and reason. This growth happens differently from ages 6 to 12, and from ages 12 to 18. Children ages 6 to 12 years old develop the ability to think in concrete ways. These are called concrete operations.
Social Development
Social development is about improving the well-being of every individual in society so they can reach their full potential. The success of society is linked to the well-being of each and every citizen. Social development means investing in people.
personality development
Personality development refers to the process by which the organized thought and behavior patterns that make up a person’s unique personality emerge over time. Many factors influence personality, including genetics and environment, how we were parented, and societal variables.
Scheme
a concept or framework that organizes and
interprets information
assimilation
interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas
Accomodation
adapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
What are the stages of Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory?
Sensormotor (0-2).
Preopterational (2-7)
Concrete Operational (7-12)
Formal Operational (12+)
Sensormotor stage (0-2)
-develops object permanence
It is marked by the child discovering the difference between themselves and their environment. At that point, they will use their senses to learn things about both themselves and their environment
what is object permanence?
Object permanence involves understanding that items and people still exist even when you can’t see or hear them. This concept was discovered by child psychologist Jean Piaget and is an important milestone in a baby’s brain development.
what is the pre optional stage? (2-7)
-operations
-limitations of pre optional logic (These include the inability to decenter, conserve, understand seriation (the inability to understand that objects can be organized into a logical series or order) and to carry out inclusion tasks. Children in the preoperational stage are able to focus on only one aspect or dimension of problems (i.e. centration).)
what does concrete optional mean? (7-12)
According to Piaget, thinking in this stage is characterized by logical operations, such as conservation, reversibility or classification, allowing logical reasoning.
ex. mature enough to use logical thought or operations (i.e. rules) but can only apply logic to physical objects
formal operational (12+)
the ability to formulatehypotheses and systematically test them to arrive at an answer to a problem. The individual in the formal stage is also able to think abstractly and tounderstand the form or structure of a mathematical problem.
What is cognitive language development?
The communication of thoughts and feelings through symbols that are arranged according to the rules of grammar.
what is the development of vocabulary?
A child’s vocabulary expands between the ages of 2 to 6 from about 200 words to over 10,000 words through a process called fast-mapping. Words are easily learned by making connections between new words and concepts already known. The parts of speech that are learned depend on the language and what is emphasized. Children speaking verb-friendly languages such as Chinese and Japanese as well as those speaking English tend to learn nouns more readily. But those learning less verb-friendly languages such as English seem to need assistance in grammar to master the use of verbs (Imai, et als, 2008). Children are also very creative in creating their own words to use as labels such as a “take-care-of” when referring to John, the character on the cartoon, Garfield, who takes care of the cat.
what is the development of grammar?
Children learn rules of grammar as they learn language but may apply these rules inappropriately at first. For instance, a child learns to ad “ed” to the end of a word to indicate past tense. Then form a sentence such as “I goed there. I doed that.” This is typical at ages 2 and 3. They will soon learn new words such as went and did to be used in those situations.
what are holophrases?
A holophrase is a single-word phrase such as Okay that expresses a complete, meaningful thought
what is telegraphic speech?
Telegraphic speech is a fancy name for two-word sentences.
what is overregularziation?
“application of a principle of regular change to a word that changes irregularly.” Examples of overregularization in verb use include using the word comed instead of came.
What was Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?
Cognitive in nature, Kohlberg’s theory focuses on the thinking process that occurs when one decides whether a behaviour is right or wrong. Thus, the theoretical emphasis is on how one decides to respond to a moral dilemma, not what one decides or what one actually does.
