Learning

Question 1

Unconditioned Stimulus UCS

Answer 1

Involuntarily elicits an UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR)

Question 2

UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR)

Answer 2

an innate or unlearned response, usually, a reflex and response of the autonomic nervous system

Question 3

CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS)

Answer 3

Starts NEUTRAL (NS) but may become conditioned when paired with UCS

Question 4

CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR)

Answer 4

Created from pairing UCS and CS, not the same as UCR

Question 5

BASIC PROCESSES IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Answer 5

REINFORCEMENT
ACQUISITION
EXTINCTION
SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
GENERALISATION
DISCRIMINATION

Question 6

REINFORCEMENT

Answer 6

pairing of the 2 stimuli (CS and UCS)

Question 7

ACQUISITION

Answer 7

The initial stage of learning
Several pairings of CS and UCS
Gradual strengthening of CR

Question 8

EXTINCTION

Answer 8

Reduction and eventual disappearance of CR

Question 9

SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY

Answer 9

reappearance of extinct response after a period of non-exposure to CS

Question 10

GENERALISATION

Answer 10

Similar stimuli can elicit CR even if they were never paired with UCS

Question 11

DISCRIMINATION

Answer 11

Opposite of generalisation

Only responds to the one stimulus, not similar stimuli

Question 12

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING

Answer 12

CLASSICAL focus on involuntary/reflexive behaviour
environmental stimulus initiates a response

OPERANT focuses on voluntary/non-reflexive behaviour
behaviour (or operant) produces an environmental response

Question 13

SUPERSTITIOUS BEHAVIOUR

Answer 13

Associates an operant and an environmental event

Develop a distinctive response

Question 14

Discriminative Stimulus

Answer 14

A stimulus that is created when the response is reinforced in its presence, but not when it is absent or vice versa

Question 15

Reinforcement and Punishment

Positive and Negative

Answer 15

REINFORCEMENT tends to INCREASE TENDENCY to make that response
PUNISHMENT tends to DECREASE TENDENCY to make that response
POSITIVE means to add stimulus
NEGATIVE means to remove stimulus

Question 16

INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT
FIXED RATIO 
VARIABLE RATIO 
FIXED INTERVAL 
VARIABLE INTERVAL

Answer 16

FR Reinforcement for a FIXED number of responses
VR Reinforcement for some percentage of responses and the number of responses required before reinforcement is unpredictable
FI Reinforcement after a FIXED period
VI Reinforcement after an unpredictable interval of time

Question 17

Shaping

Answer 17

produces desired behaviour by reinforcing closer

and closer approximations to the desired response

Question 18

Observational Learning

Answer 18

Response influenced by observation of others

Question 19

4 COMPONENTS FOR SUCCESSFUL MODELLING

Answer 19

Pay ATTENTION to model
RETENTION: memorise elements of the model
MOTOR REPRODUCTION: ability to carry out the model
MOTIVATION: incentive to display the model

Question 20

LATENT LEARNING:

Answer 20

learning that has occurred but is not currently manifest in behaviour until reinforced

Question 21

LEARNED HELPLESSNESS

Answer 21

consists of the expectancy that one cannot escape aversive events and the motivational and learning deficits that result from this belief.

Question 22

VICARIOUS CONDITIONING

Answer 22

learns the consequences of an action by observing its consequences for someone else.