Learning Flashcards
Unconditioned Stimulus UCS
Involuntarily elicits an UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR)
UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR)
an innate or unlearned response, usually, a reflex and response of the autonomic nervous system
CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS)
Starts NEUTRAL (NS) but may become conditioned when paired with UCS
CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR)
Created from pairing UCS and CS, not the same as UCR
BASIC PROCESSES IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
REINFORCEMENT ACQUISITION EXTINCTION SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY GENERALISATION DISCRIMINATION
REINFORCEMENT
pairing of the 2 stimuli (CS and UCS)
ACQUISITION
The initial stage of learning
Several pairings of CS and UCS
Gradual strengthening of CR
EXTINCTION
Reduction and eventual disappearance of CR
SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
reappearance of extinct response after a period of non-exposure to CS
GENERALISATION
Similar stimuli can elicit CR even if they were never paired with UCS
DISCRIMINATION
Opposite of generalisation
Only responds to the one stimulus, not similar stimuli
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING
CLASSICAL focus on involuntary/reflexive behaviour
environmental stimulus initiates a response
OPERANT focuses on voluntary/non-reflexive behaviour
behaviour (or operant) produces an environmental response
SUPERSTITIOUS BEHAVIOUR
Associates an operant and an environmental event
Develop a distinctive response
Discriminative Stimulus
A stimulus that is created when the response is reinforced in its presence, but not when it is absent or vice versa
Reinforcement and Punishment
Positive and Negative
REINFORCEMENT tends to INCREASE TENDENCY to make that response
PUNISHMENT tends to DECREASE TENDENCY to make that response
POSITIVE means to add stimulus
NEGATIVE means to remove stimulus
INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT FIXED RATIO VARIABLE RATIO FIXED INTERVAL VARIABLE INTERVAL
FR Reinforcement for a FIXED number of responses
VR Reinforcement for some percentage of responses and the number of responses required before reinforcement is unpredictable
FI Reinforcement after a FIXED period
VI Reinforcement after an unpredictable interval of time
Shaping
produces desired behaviour by reinforcing closer
and closer approximations to the desired response
Observational Learning
Response influenced by observation of others
4 COMPONENTS FOR SUCCESSFUL MODELLING
Pay ATTENTION to model
RETENTION: memorise elements of the model
MOTOR REPRODUCTION: ability to carry out the model
MOTIVATION: incentive to display the model
LATENT LEARNING:
learning that has occurred but is not currently manifest in behaviour until reinforced
LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
consists of the expectancy that one cannot escape aversive events and the motivational and learning deficits that result from this belief.
VICARIOUS CONDITIONING
learns the consequences of an action by observing its consequences for someone else.
