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League of Nations Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the aims of the League?

A

1) discourage aggression from any nation
2) encourage nations to disarm
3) improve living and working conditions around the world

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2
Q

Why was the League unpopular for Americans?

A

1) After WWI they wanted to stay out of war but LoN assumed USA would send in troops to settle arguments
2) Americans were anti Br and Fr and believed in freedom; why would they safeguard their colonies?
3) They had become powerful by isolationism
4) Many Americans were German immigrants who were affected by TOV –> LoN!

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3
Q

What was the paradoxical situation in 1919?

A

The League was the USA’s idea but they failed to join

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4
Q

What was the weakness of the League with regards to the USA?

A

USA was absent; Britain and France were the most powerful countries in the League

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5
Q

What were the issues with Britain as League’s main power?

A

Britain weakened by war; not major power it had been
No sufficient resources to compensate for LoN loss
Enemy of Germany; animosity towards them (hostility in League UNFAIR)
Self-interested; wanted to rebuild British trade and control the British Empire

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6
Q

What were the issues with France as the League’s main power?

A

France weakened by war
Still worried about own army; vulnerable from German attack, prepared to bypass League
Was not impartial due to rivalry with Germany

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7
Q

What did France have that was beneficial to the League?

A

A strategic position in the centre of Europe which allowed it to rebuild trade links

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8
Q

List the League’s other weaknesses

A

ambitious aims
no army
decisions had to be unanimous
Secretariat too small to handle vast work of League
set up by council who were not the most powerful and not prepared to use their armies

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9
Q

Name the League’s failures in the 1920s

A

Vilna 1920, Corfu 1923, Geneva Protocol 1924

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10
Q

Describe the League’s failure in Vilna in 1920

A

Showed that LoN members only acted in self interests

  • Vilna capital of Lithuania but largely Polish population
  • 1920, Polish army simply take control of it
  • Lithuania appeal to LoN for help
  • League protested to Poland but no withdrawal
  • France refuse to send in troops b/c Pol is an ally against Germany
  • Did nothing - Poles kept Vilna
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11
Q

Describe the League’s failure in Corfu in 1923

A

Showed that LoN slow to act, final decisions changeable, powerless

  • border between Greece and Albania sorted and supervised by Italian Tellini
  • on Greek side him and his troops are killed
  • Mussolini is furious; demands compensation and murderers’ execution
  • Invades Corfu on 31 Aug, 15 people killed
  • Greece appeal to the LoN
  • League act swiftly to condemn Muss
  • Keep money until murderers found
  • Muss coerced League to change terms; money to Italy
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12
Q

Describe the failure of the Geneva Protocol

A

Protocol said that if 2 nations in dispute, have to consult League and accept council’s decision
- failed when Britain refused to sign; opposite of whole Protocol

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13
Q

List the successes of the League

A

Upper Silesia 1921, Aaland Islands 1921, Bulgaria 1925

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14
Q

What happened in Upper Silesia 1921?

A

Showed League was workable (no violence after a year) and impartial (fair plebiscite)

  • industrial region on German and Polish border and both wanted possession
  • 1920, plebiscite called and troops sent to keep order
  • LoN divided the region on basis of the result, safeguarded rail link to prevent future disputes, assured water and power supplies
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15
Q

What happened in the Aaland Islands 1921?

A

Showed League was impartial and workable

  • Sweden and Finland wanted control
  • appealed to the LoN who said - ‘Finland’
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16
Q

What happened in Bulgaria 1925?

A

Showed the League was workable (dispute sorted quickly) yet worked in the interest of larger country!

  • Oct 1925 Greek Troops invaded Bulgaria after incident on border killed Greek soldiers
  • Bulgaria appealed for help
  • LoN condemned Greece (ordered compensation and thus avoided war)
  • One rule for big powers (Italy) and another for small ones (Greece)
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17
Q

What was the Washington Conference of 1921?

A

USA, Japan, Br and Fr agreed to reduce navy

  • disarmament aim
  • failed as it only occurred in Germany UNFAIR
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18
Q

What was the Rapallo Treaty of 1922?

A

Aim to re-establish diplomatic relations, encourage a feeling of peace

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19
Q

What was the Dawes Plan of 1924?

A

Aimed to avert an economic crisis in Germany so USA lent Ger money

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20
Q

What was the Young Plan of 1929?

A

Reduced Germany’s reparations payment

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21
Q

What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928?

A

For all 65 nations to agree not to use force to settle disputes; point of high international relations - all countries willing to work together in line with LoN’s aim but did not help disarmament

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22
Q

What were the Locarno Treaties in 1925?

A

For all of the western borders to be accepted by Germany as in the ToV
To accept Rhineland as a demilitarized zone

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23
Q

How did the Locarno treaties improve the peace in Europe?

A

They facilitated the League’s aim to discourage aggression from any nation and resolved problems from WWI in that France was content with the guarantee of border security

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24
Q

What was the happy period from the Locarno treaties?

A

The Locarno Honeymoon

25
Q

How was Germany given leeway to appease the League in the future?

A

By accepting the League’s aims in the Locarno Treaties Germany showed goodwill towards France and was granted entry into the League in 1926 (USSR NOT). The LoN was putting to bed animosity with Ger

26
Q

How did the League help Refugees?

A

League repatriated 400,000 prisoners to their homeland

27
Q

How did the League help in the Turkey Crisis of 1922

A

Acted quickly to stamp out cholera, dysentery and smallpox in refugee camps

28
Q

How did the League improve working conditions?

A

Campaigned for general improvements to be brought about
Introduced the 48hr week, 8hr day
Banned white lead from paint
Limited child labour hours

29
Q

How did the League improve health in Europe?

A

Defeated leprosy

Global extermination of mosquitoes allowed for reduced cases of malaria and yellow fever

30
Q

How did the League assist the USSR?

A

Advised them on preventing plague in Siberia

31
Q

How did the League help transport?

A

Marked shipping lanes and made an international highway code for road users

32
Q

How did the League improve social conditions?

A

Worked against slavery

Targeted illegal drug trading

33
Q

How did the League work against slavery?

A

Freed 200,000 slaved in Br-owned Sierra Leone

34
Q

What was the start for disarmament in the 1920s?

A

The Washington Conference in 1921 but only the USA, Japan, Br and Fr agreed to limit the navy size

35
Q

What followed the Washington Conference in the aim for disarmament in 1920s?

A

The 1923 Disarmament Treaty - rejected by Br as it would tie her to defending other countries

36
Q

How did the League ultimately fail in disarmament in the 1920s?

A

In 1926 it took 5yrs to plan a dis.conference on a focus which Germany then rejected.

37
Q

How was the League’s damaged by first disarmament failure?

A

Damaging to the League’s reputation in Ger as Ger forced to disarm in Rhineland long before anyone else even though of it

38
Q

Why was the 1920s disarmament failure not taken so seriously?

A

The 1925 Locarno Treaties and the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact promised a peaceful world

39
Q

Why was there optimism in 1928?

A

Economies were recovering

40
Q

How did economies recover in 1928?

A

The Dawes Plan of 1924 helped sort out Ger’s chaos and mobilsie Br and Fr economies. Money rebuilt industry which increased employment which increased international trade with increased profits.

41
Q

Why did trade improve things?

A

Recovery of trading relationships between countries meant that there was reduced tension as trading countries are unlikely to go to war.

42
Q

When did the Disarmament conference begin?

A

1932

43
Q

What was the League pressurized into in the 1930s in terms of disarmament?

A

League under pressure to sort out disarmament as it was unfair on Germany to have had to disarm to such an extent

44
Q

What did the Disarmament Conference aim for?

A

Limit artillery size and tank tonnage
No chemical warfare
No civilian bombing

45
Q

What was the main issue to be sorted at the disarmament conference?

A

Germany had been in the League for 6 years –> should all disarm to their level of should Ger be allowed to rearm to their level?

46
Q

How did the League start sorting out disarmament? (Br note to Ger)

A

1932 - Ger first proposed other countries disarm down to its level but Conference failed to agree so Germany walked out. Br sent Ger a note saying they partially agreed to equality but superior tone of letter angered Ger

47
Q

What happened after the note was sent to Ger?

A

Finally all in agreement to treat Germany equally so Ger returned to the League

48
Q

What happened after Ger returned to the League?

A

(Hitler secretly rearming Ger)
Ger promised not to rearm if all other nations also destroyed arms in 5yrs - but then Hitler withdrew from conference and then League altogether

49
Q

Why did the Disarmament conference fail in 1934?

A

Britain though the ToV was unfair so signed an agreement in 1935 to allow Ger to increase navy up to 35% of British navy (worried about trade and communism.) Whilst France wanted to punish Germany.
SELF INTERESTED POWERS

50
Q

Why could disarmament never work?

A

Everyone knew that Hitler was rearming so they too began to rebuild armaments

51
Q

What was the overall underlying issue?

A

Everyone was isolationist

Doomed from start - no one prepared to disarm

52
Q

What were the 6 main factors in the League failing?

TULDET

A 
The self-interest of leading members
USA and other important countries absent
Lack of troops
Decisions were slow
Economic sanctions did not work
The treaties it had to uphold were seen as unfair
53
Q

The self-interest of leading members

A

The League depended upon Br and Fr to provide firm support in times of crisis. When conflcits ocurred, neither Br nor Fr gov was prepared to abandon its own self-interest to support League

  • 1929 WALL STREET CRASH; each country protects own economy
  • VILNA 1920s; Br and Fr didn’t act to protect own interests
54
Q

USA and other important countries absent

A 
Important countries not members.
Ger - 1926 left in 1933
USSR - 1934
Japan left 1933
Italy left 1937
Without such powers and USA League lacked authority and sanctions not effective

-Manchurian Crisis: LoN didn’t have enough manpower to remove Japan from M by force

55
Q

Lack of troops

A

If economic sanctions failed military force next option but LoN had no armed forces of own and relied upon co-operation of members - but Br and Fr not willing to commit troops

  • Manchuria; only USA and USSR had troops to remove Japan
  • no military force to oppose Italy invading Abyssinia
56
Q

Economic sanctions did not work

A

Meant to be LoN’s main weapon but LoN did not willingly impose them as they were afraid that without USA wouldn’t work
When imposed easily broken so League appeared WEAK

  • Abyssinia; LoN delayed decision to ban oil exports to Italy for 2 months for fear USA wouldn’t support the sanction
  • Wall Street Crash; affected those who had borrowed money
57
Q

The treaties it had to uphold were seen as unfair

A

League was bound to uphold treaties that created it but some policies were harsh and needed amending; further undermined the League

  • ToV - too harsh, unfair as only affected Ger
58
Q

Decisions were slow

A

LoN met too infrequently and took too long to decide and the need for unanimous decision also undermined LoN’s strength

  • Took long to decide fate of Vilna and in the end did nothing

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