LEAF STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND ADAPTATION Flashcards
The epidermis consists of the ______ and ______ epidermis.
upper, lower
the upper and lower epidermis aids in the regulation of ________ via ________.
gas exchange, stomata
the epidermis is ____ layer thick, but may have more
layers to prevent _________.
one, transpiration
The ________ is located outside the epidermis and
protects against water loss
cuticle
the cuticle protects against _______.
water loss
It discourages predation
trichomes
is found between the upper and lower epidermis
Mesophyll
the mesophyll aids in _________ and ________ by ________.
gas exchange, photosynthesis, chloroplasts
It transports water and minerals to the leaves
xylem
it transports the photosynthetic
products to the other parts of the plant.
phloem
Plants in _____ climates have needle-like leaves that
are reduced in _____.
cold, size
plants in _____ climates have succulent leaves that help to __________.
hot, conserve water
a hair or scale-like extension of the epidermis of a plant.
trichome
a noncellular protective covering outside the epidermis of many invertebrates and plants
cuticle
the inner tissue (parenchyma) of a leaf, containing many chloroplasts
mesophyll
The outermost layer of the leaf
epidermis
Botanists call the upper side of the leaf the _______ (______) and the lower side of the leaf the _______ (_______).
adaxial surface (adaxis), abaxial surface (abaxis).
are openings through which the exchange of gases takes place.
stomata
it contains the stomata
epidermis
how many guard cells surround each stoma
two guard cells
it regulates the opening and closing of the stoma
guard cells
are the only epidermal cells to contain chloroplasts.
guard cells
A waxy layer that covers the leaves of all plant species.
cuticle
help to avert herbivory by restricting insect movements or by storing toxic or bad-tasting compounds.
trichomes
Trichomes can also reduce the rate of ________ by blocking ________ across the leaf surface.
transpiration, air flow
example plants trichomes
sundew (Drosera sp.), Arabidopsis lyrata, Quercus marilandica
Below the epidermis of dicot leaves are layers of
cells known as the mesophyll, or “____________.”
middle leaf
The mesophyll of most leaves typically contains two
arrangements of parenchyma cells:
the palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma
The palisade parenchyma also called the
palisade mesophyll
aids in photosynthesis and has column-shaped,
tightly-packed cells
palisade parenchyma
Below the palisade parenchyma are loosely-arranged cells of an irregular shape called
spongy parenchyma or spongy mesophyll
used to see leaf layers clearly
scanning electron micrograph
The numerous small bumps in the palisade
parenchyma cells are ________. The bumps
protruding from the lower surface of the leaf are
_________.
chloroplasts, glandular trichomes
The xylem consists of ______ and _______ which transport
water and minerals to the leaves
tracheids, vessels
The _____ transports the photosynthetic products from the leaf to the other parts of the plant.
phloem
plant species that thrive in cold
environments, such as spruce, fir, and pine, have
leaves that are reduced in size and needle-like in
appearance.
coniferous
The needle-like leaves of coniferous plants have ____________ and a ____________, two attributes
that aid in reducing water loss.
sunken stomata, smaller surface area
example of a plant with succulent leaves that help
to conserve water
cacti
are the main sites for photosynthesis
leaves
Most leaves are usually green, due to the presence of
_________ in the leaf cells.
chlorophyll
Leaves that do not have a petiole and are directly
attached to the plant stem are called
sessile leaves
plants that grow on other plants that serve as a physical support
epiphytes
example of tropical epiphytes
Bromeliads (members of the
pineapple family), ferns, and orchids
One of the most well-known bromeliads is _______ (Tillandsia usneoides)
Spanish moss
upward-growing roots
containing pores and pockets of tissue specialized
for gas exchange
pneumatophores
specie of mangrove
cypress tree
air-filled tissue and large spaces in the root cortex called
aerenchyma
