Leadership And Management Flashcards by Tonia Gerotoliou

What is Leadership/ Leader?

Leader
-how other people perceive you
-focus on why, people and trust
-long term view –> outcome
-looking out of the window, what’s coming
-charisma
-changing status quo

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What is Management/ Manager?

Manager
-it’s a role, people can make you a manager, give you the role
-focus on how and when, systems
-short term view –> processes
-looking at the ground, what’s is happening
-good soldier
-accepting status quo

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What is Supervision/ Supervisor?

-interfaces between manager and worker
-lowest level of management
-on the front line, still does the job

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What are the primary functions on the “Classical Theory of Management” by Fayol?

POCCC

(Ducker’s theory is the same)

MANAGEMENT THEORY

1.Planning
2. Organisation
3. Commanding
4. Coordinate
5. Control

*Top - Down: unity of command
*14 principles (think of army)

Ducker–> no commanding but communication

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What are Taylor’s principles? [4]

MANAGEMENT THEORY

there is a right way of doing things, based on a scientific study
there is a right person to do the task, based on training and development
there has to be supervision
work should be split evenly

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What are the Functions of a Manager, according to Mintzberg?

MANAGEMENT THEORY

Interpersonal: leader, liaison
Informational: monitor, disseminator, spokesperson
Decisional: take risk, make decisions, initiate project

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Power vs Authority vs Responsibility

Power: the ability to do something regardless of authority
Types: legitimate, person, expert, position

Authority: the right to exercise power

Responsibility: the obligation to do something, it cannot be delegated to someone else

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What John Adair said about leadership and the need to juggle all tasks? (Action - Centre Leadership)

LEADERSHIP THEORY

A leader should find the balance between:
1. task= the job that needs doing
2. individual= team members to manage
3. group= the team itself

*interrelated needs

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What does Fred’s Fiedler Contingency Model say?

LEADERSHIP THEORY

*no ideal style or leader
depends on the situation/ firm

a relationship-motivated manager vs a task-orientated manager

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TRUE OR FALSE

According to Warren Bennis, the given qualities found in every leader are:
1. people skills
2. taste/ cultivating talent
3. judgement, tough decision making
4. charisma

FALSE, these are the qualities that differentiate a good leader.

The given qualities are:
1. technical competency
2. conceptual skill, intelligence
3. track record of results

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TRUE OR FALSE

Kotter defined that the difference between a manager and a leader is that the former can cope with the complexity (manage tasks) where the latter is coping with change (lead people).

TRUE

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TRUE OR FALSE

According to Heifetz, a leader should inspire others. Leadership is a perception, not a role.

TRUE

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Describe the Managerial Grid by Blake and Monton.

Factors to consider–> People and Tasks

Low People, Low Task= Impoverished (bad manager)
Low People, High Task= Authoritarian (low motivation, high turnover)
High People, Low Task= Country Club (Nothing gets done but good relationships)
High People, High Task= Team (Best type managers)

Middle Point= Middle of the Road (Dampened Pendulum)

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Fill in the Blank

According to the Ashridge Model, a _________ management style is where the leader makes all the decisions. It’s quick and efficient but can demotivating to staff as it’s a one way communication, does not grow talents or leave room for initiative.

Consultative, Authoritarian, Autocratic, Laisser-Fiare

Autocratic

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Define what we mean by “Individual”.

It’s all about personality.
Characteristics that have been inherited (natural) or who you were brought up (nurture).
1. perception
2. attitudes
3. intelligence
4. role

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TRUE OR FALSE

According to Drucker, the main objective of the manager of an organisations is organising.

FALSE

Is Economic Performance

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What is the difference between Responsibility and Authority?

Responsibility is the liability a person has to carry out their duties whereas authority is the right a person has to do something.

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What are the characteristics of a “Group”?

sense of identity
loyalty
conformity
common motives and goals
accepted roles
relationships
sanctions

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What is the difference between a “Group” and a “Team”?

A team is a group of people, committed to am assigned goal. Members join a group that shares the same identity as them on a voluntary basis.

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How many roles does an effective team need, according to Belbin?

9 Roles
1. Plant: all about me, new ideas, gets bored
2. Resource - investigator: networker
3. coordinator: chairman
4. shaper: loves pressure, energy
5. monitor-evaluator: sober, strategic
6. team worker: work together
7. implementer: create systems
8. completer finisher: attention to detail
9. specialist: knowledge

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According to Tuckman and the developmental stages, when team members begin to trust each other, what stage are they going through?

Norming

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According to Tuckman and the developmental stages, when team members behave relatively independently, what stage are they going through?

Forming

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According to Tuckman and the developmental stages, when team members put forward their ideas for the rest of the team to consider, what stage are they going through?

Storming

TRUE OR FALSE

Adjourning is when a team becomes complacent about the task that it is performing.

False

this is Dorming

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, what are the stages of the pyramid?

5. Self actualisation 4. esteem 3. social needs 2. safety needs 1. physiological needs

According to Herzberg's "motivation - hygiene" theory, which 2 of the following would be classed as motivation factors? 1. annual salary bonus 2. job security 3. responsibility 4. promotion

3 & 4 1 & 2 are hygiene factors

According to McGregor's X-Y theory, what are the 2 styles managers can have?

1. Authoritarian (Theory X Manager) 2. Participative (theory Y Manager)

According to Honey and Mumford, what are the types of learning?

1. Activist --> Doer, jumps in 2. Reflector --> Review, to understand the whys 3. Theorist --> Conclude, likes process and theory 4. Pragmatist --> Plan, know what they need to know to get it done

Put in order Kolb's stages of learning by experience [Experiential Learning Theory] AC - Abstract conceptualization RO - Reflective Observation AE - Active Experimentation CE - Concrete Experience

1. CE --> Feeling 2. RO --> Watching 3. AC --> Thinking 4. AE --> Doing CERO-ACAE

According to Kolb, what are the 4 learning styles?

1. Accommodative --> feeling and doing (CE+AE) 2. Divergent --> feeling and watching (CE+RO) 3. Assimilative --> Watching and Thinking (RO + AC) 4. Convergent --> Thinking and Feeling (AC + AE)

Who developed the learning style questionnaire?

Honey and Mumford

What are the characteristics of the "Activists" learning style?

Immerse themselves fully in new experiences Enjoy the here and now Open-minded, enthusiastic, flexible Act first, consider consequences later Seek to center activity around themselves

What are the characteristics of the "Reflectors" learning style?

Stand back and observe Cautious, take a back seat Collect and analyze data, slow to reach conclusions Use information from past, present, and immediate observations to maintain a big picture perspective.

What are the characteristics of the "Theorists" learning style?

Think through problems logically, value rationality and objectivity Assimilate disparate facts into coherent theories Disciplined, aiming to fit things into rational order Prefer assumptions, principles, theories, models, and systems thinking

What are the characteristics of the "Pragmatists" learning style?

Keen to put ideas, theories, and techniques into practice Search for new ideas and experiment Act quickly and confidently on ideas, get straight to the point Impatient with endless discussion

What is the difference between coaching, mentoring and counselling?

Coaching is focused on skill development and performance improvement. Mentoring provides holistic guidance and support Counseling addresses emotional and psychological well-being.

What is the Star/ Wheel Communication Pattern in Leavitt's model?

all communication flows through a central person or hub, often the leader or manager, who serves as a gatekeeper for information. Quickest way to resolve an issue

What is the Chain Communication Pattern in Leavitt's model?

communication flows in a linear sequence, from one person to the next, creating a chain-like structure.

SMART Objectives stand for..

Specific Measurable Agreed/ Achievable Realistic Time bound

TRUE OR FALSE Lateral communication most commonly takes place between superior and subordinate

FALSE Between equals, one peer to another, one head of department to another

TRUE OR FALSE Feedback is the communication response from the recipient.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE The utilitarianism approach is about deciding on the course of action which results in the most useful outcome for as many of the people involved as possible.

TRUE

What is the difference between grease money and bribery?

-Grease money: you are paying someone to secure something you are legally entitle to (facilitation payment) -Bribery: you are paying someone to get something you are not legally entitle to BOTH ILLEGAL

What is the difference between being ethical and abiding by the law?

-the Law states what we MUST do -Ethics is about what we SHOULD do

According to IFAC (International Federation of Accountants), what are the principles all accountants should try to maintain? CIPOP

1. Confidentiality: exceptions AML, whistle blowing 2. Integrity 3. Professional Behavior 4. Objectivity 5. Competence and Due Care

What are the personal qualities all accountants should have? CTR3

1. Courtesy 2. Timely 3. Reliability 4. Responsible 5. Respect

What are the professional qualities all accountants should have? SASI

1. Skepticism: questions info provided to be able to form an opinion on its reliability 2. Accountability: taking responsibility for own work and decisions 3. Social Responsibility: acknowledgement of a duty to act in the public interest 4. Independence: carrying out responsibilities without bias and prejudice

What is a self-review threat?

When we perform AND review our own tasks. Risk of losing objectivity. Covering up mistakes. Example, audit team carrying out audit and preparing client's accounting records

What is a self-interest threat?

When we perform a task because we have a personal gain. Example, client giving the audit partner tickets to a major sporting event

What is the advocacy threat?

When we promote something/ someone for personal reasons. Example, provision of legal advice to clients.

What is an intimidation threat?

When we are threatened into doing something. Example, accountant only receiving fees from client if a successful outcome is achieved.

What is the familiarity threat?

When we work with someone we are close to/ family member. Example, practice having acted for a client for 20 years.

TRUE OR FALSE Characteristics of a compliance based approach are: 1. underpinned by external regulation 2. based on assumption that individuals focus on their own self-interest

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE Characteristics of an integrity based approach are: 1. allows employees discretion in their actions depending on situation 2. aims to promote values and responsible behavious

TRUE

The stages of Kolb’s experiential learning cycle are as follows: 1. Draw conclusions from the experience 2. Have an experience 3. Plan the next steps 4. Reflect on the experience

2, 4, 1, 3