Leadership and Management

Question 1

Leadership

Answer 1

The ability to influence and motivate others towards a common goal or objective

Question 2

Great Man Theory

Answer 2

The great man theory of leadership states that some people are born with the necessary attributes that set them apart from others and that these traits are responsible for their assuming positions of power and authority.

Question 3

Trait theory of leadership

Answer 3

Suggests that certain innate qualities, such as intelligence, charisma, and confidence, are the key predictors of effective leadership

Question 4

Adaptive situational theory of leadership

Answer 4

this theory suggests that the most effective leadership style depends on the situation

Question 5

Contingency theory of leadership

Answer 5

this theory suggests that the effectiveness of a leader depends on the match between the leader’s style and the situation. According to Fiedler (1967), the most effective leaders are those whose style fits the situation.

Question 6

McGregor’s theory X and theory Y

Answer 6

these two theories suggest that managers have different assumptions about human nature, and these assumptions influence their management style. Theory X managers believe that people are lazy and need to be coerced into working, while Theory Y managers believe that people are self-motivated and will work hard if given the opportunity.

Question 7

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 7

this theory suggests that people have five basic needs that must be met in order to achieve self-actualization: physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.

Question 8

Herzberg’s two-factor theory

Answer 8

this theory suggests that there are two types of factors that influence job satisfaction: hygiene factors and motivators. Hygiene factors are things like salary, working conditions, and job security, while motivators are things like recognition, growth, and achievement

Question 9

Adaptive leadership (Heifetz, 1997)

Answer 9

The need for change or adaptation when traditional forms of leadership are ineffective. Heifetz et all define leadership as ‘the art of mobilising people to tackle tough issues, adapt and thrive’.

Question 10

Three levels of leadership

Answer 10

Public leadership: behavior required to influence groups of people. Private leadership: behaviours involved in influencing individuals. Personal leadership: the inner level concerning leadership qualities shown by the individual, including: skills, beliefs, emotions, subconscious behaviour and presence.

Question 11

Situational leadership (Hersey and Blanchard, 1988)

Answer 11

There’s no single effective leadership style - leaders may have their preferred styles but they must adapt their style to suit the situation. The situational leadership model is dependent on leadership style and the individual/group’s maturity level. An effective leadership style must be relevant to the task, and adapt to the maturity level of the group they’re leading.

Question 12

Styles of leader behaviour (Muczyk and Reimann, 1987)

Answer 12

Muczyk and Reimann argue that democratic leadership is not always the most effective leadership style and may not work at all in some situations.

Question 13

Leader-member exchange model (Dansereau, 1994)

Answer 13

Leadership exchange model: leaders can treat their followers either with trust or in more formal ways. The relation can be developed through 3 stages:

Question 14

Followership: qualities of and types (Kelley, 1988)

Answer 14

Kelley believes that the failure of a group is not entirely on to a leader, but also on how well followers can follow.
Followership: the way an individual actively follows a leader.
The 4 main qualities of effective followers are:
Self-management: the ability to think critically, be in control of one’s action and to work independently, especially when the leader delegates tasks.
Commitment: refers to an individual being committed to the vision/goal of a group/organisation. This helps keep one’s -and other team member’s- morale and energy levels high.
Competence: the skills and attitudes necessary to complete the goal. Competent individuals continue expanding their knowledge.
Courage: ability to be true to beliefs and upholding ethical standards, especially amidst dishonest/corrupt leaders.

Question 15

What are the four types of followers?

Answer 15

4 types of followers: The sheep, The yes-people, The pragmatist, The star followers

Question 16

How can you measure leadership: Leadership Practices Inventory (Kouzes and Posner, 1987)?

Answer 16

Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI): measures the extent to which an individual engages in each of the following 5 practices (with 6 behavioural statements each) of exemplary leadership.

Question 17

What are the five practices of Kouzes and Posner?

Answer 17

Modelling desired behaviour: e.g ‘sets a personal example of what he/she expects of others’

Inspire a shared vision: e.g ‘describes a compelling image of what our future looks like’

Challenge the process: e.g ‘experiments and takes risks despite chances of failure’

Enable others to act: e.g ‘treats others with dignity and respect’

Encourage the heart: e.g ‘praises people for a job well done’