Leadership and Implementation

Question 1

Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change (TTM): Stages of Change

Answer 1

Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance

Question 2

Operant Conditioning

Answer 2

The process by which behaviors are influenced by their consequences; examines the relationship among antecedents, behaviors, and consequences

Operant conditioning looks at the causes of certain behaviors and the avoidance of others and uses positive and negative reinforcement.

Question 3

What are SMART goals?

Answer 3

Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Relevant
Time-Bound

Question 4

Four Stages of Client–Trainer Relationship

Answer 4

RIPA = Rapport, investigation, planning, action

Question 5

Motivational Interviewing

Answer 5

A client-centered, directive method for enhancing intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and resolving ambivalence

Question 6

How long does one need to be exercising to be considered in the Maintenance Stage of the TTM?

Answer 6

For over six months

Question 7

Three Stages of Motor Learning

Answer 7

Cognitive stage: trying to understand new skill; movements are jerky/awkward, thinking about what to do (tell, show, do)

Associative stage: basics mastered, ready for more specific feedback to help refine motor skill

Autonomous stage: clients performing effectively and naturally

Question 8

What percentage of people who start an exercise program will drop out after six months?

Answer 8

50%

Question 9

Situational Motivation

Answer 9

Motivation as people are actually exercising

Question 10

Self-Efficacy

Answer 10

The belief in one’s own capabilities to successfully engage in a physical activity program

Question 11

What is the most important source of self-efficacy information?

Answer 11

Past performance experience, which is the most reliable predictor of current participation

Question 12

Assertiveness

Answer 12

The honest and straightforward expression of one’s thoughts, feelings, and beliefs

Question 13

Potential Detriments for Physical Activity

Answer 13

Personal attributes
Environment factors
Physical activity factors

Question 14

Effective Listening Skill: Encouraging

Answer 14

Using short words and phrases such as “I See,” “Yes,” “I know what you mean.” Nodding and smiling

Question 15

Effective Listening Skill: Paraphrasing

Answer 15

Restating in a clear and concise way the essence of what the client has been saying.

Question 16

Effective Listening Skill: Questioning

Answer 16

Open-ended questions at appropriate times

Question 17

Effective Listening Skill: Reflecting

Answer 17

Demonstrating understanding or seeking clarification by trying to restate the main points and feelings in the clients communication
–> differs from paraphrasing in that feelings or attitudes may be included

Question 18

Effective Listening Skill: Summarizing

Answer 18

At appropriate points in conversation, trainers summarize key points that have a bearing on exercise program design

Question 19

Process Goal

Answer 19

Something a client does, such as completing a certain number of workouts per week

Question 20

Product Goal

Answer 20

Something achieved, like weight loss or a resistance lifted on a strength-training machine

Question 21

Visual Learners: Client actions, statements, and strategy

Answer 21

Actions: Watches intently (prefers reading)

Statement: Oh, I see; Let me see that again

Strategy: Demonstrations

Question 22

Auditory Learners: Client actions, statements, and strategy

Answer 22

Actions: Listens carefully (prefers hearing)

Statement: Yeah, I hear you; Say that one more time

Strategy: Question and answer

Question 23

Kinesthetic Learners: Client actions, statements, and strategy

Answer 23

Actions: Touches or holds (prefers to be spotted)

Statement: I feel that; This does not feel right

Strategy: Hands-on supervision

Question 24

Health Belief Model

Answer 24

People will engage in a health behavior based on the perceived threat they feel regarding a health problem and the pros and cons of adopting the behavior.

Question 25

Six Sources of Self-Efficacy Information

Answer 25

Past performance experience

Vicarious experience: observation/knowledge of someone who is participating successfully in a program

Verbal persuasion: feedback or encouragement

Physiological state appraisals

Emotional state and mood appraisals

Imaginal experiences

Question 26

Four Components of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change (TTM)

Answer 26

Stages of change

Processes of change

Self-efficacy

Decisional balance

Question 27

Decisional Balance

Answer 27

The number of pros and cons perceived about adopting and/or maintaining an activity program

The perceived cons do not have to be logical or realistic to prevent an individual from being active.

Question 28

Stimulus Control

Answer 28

The manipulation of antecedents on behavior in order to maximize the likelihood of desirable behaviors — making adjustments on the environment, such as setting an alarm for an earlier time in order to make it to the gym sooner

Question 29

Shaping

Answer 29

Using reinforcements to gradually achieve a target behavior

Question 30

Waiver

Answer 30

Used to release the personal trainer from liability for injuries resulting in an exercise program as it denotes client’s voluntary abandonment of the right to file suit

Question 31

Informed Consent

Answer 31

A form on which a client acknowledges that she has been specifically informed about the risks associated with activity

Question 32

What does SWOT stand for?

Answer 32

Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats

Question 33

What would not be included in a well-written executive summary?

Answer 33

Liability coverage

Question 34

Locus of Control

Answer 34

A belief in personal control over health outcomes - a personal with a positive locus of control believes they can handle their health and acts accordingly