Leaders in the Black Power Movement (9)

Question 1

Stokely Carmichael was born in ____ but went to high school and university in the US.

Answer 1

Trinidad

Question 2

What was Carmichael’s early involvement in activism? (2)

Answer 2

• He joined the Students Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in 1961
• Deeply involved in the Civil Rights Movement, as a Freedom Rider and as part of the Freedom Summer Project.

Question 3

When did Stokely become the leader of the SNCC?

Answer 3

He became the leader of the SNCC in 1966. In the same year, James Meredith (the first black student to enrol at the University of Mississippi) was shot by a sniper while he was walking alone in a ‘March against Fear’ from Memphis to Jackson, to protest against racism.

Question 4

Stokely Carmichael, Martin Luther King and other activists decided to continue the march to honor ____.

Answer 4

Meredith

Question 5

Meredith himself rejoined the march after recovering in _____. During the march, Carmichael and others were arrested by the police. It was the __ time that he had been arrested for taking part in Civil Rights protests.

Answer 5

hospital

27th

Question 6

What was Carmichael’s speech about?

Answer 6

When he was released from jail, Carmicheal made a famous speech using the term ‘Black Power’ for the first time.

Question 7

What did African Americans call for? (3)

Answer 7

He called on African Americans to ‘unite’ to recognize

• their heritage,
• and to build a sense of community ‘
• and to form and lead their own organizations.

Question 8

Other civil rights groups such as the ____ and the ____ rejected some of Carmichael’s ideas and accused him of black racism.

Answer 8

NAACP

SCLC

Question 9

Carmichael also adopted the slogan Black is Beautiful ‘, which promoted…

Answer 9

pride in being black and rejected white notions of style and fashion. As a result, his followers wore Afro hairstyles and African-style clothing.

Question 10

Who was Stokeley critical of?

Answer 10

He became increasingly critical of other leaders, such as Martin Luther King Jr, and their willingness to work with whites. He later left the SNCC and joined the Black Panther Party and became its ‘honorary prime minister’.

Question 11

What happened when Carmichael spoke out against US involvement in the Vietnam War?

Answer 11

When Carmichael spoke out against US involvement in the Vietnam War, the US. government confiscated his passport for ten months.

Question 12

After this he moved to ____ in West Africa (with his wife, the South African singer, ____ ____, whom he later divorced), where he wrote a book linking Black Power to ____-____. He lived there until his death from cancer in ___.

Answer 12

Guinea
Miriam Makeba
Pan-Africanism
1998

Question 13

Who was known as the leading figure in the Black Power movement?

Answer 13

Malcolm Little, or Malcolm X as he became known, was a leading figure in the Black Power Movement.

Question 14

What happened to Malcolm X’s father?

Answer 14

His father was a Baptist minister who had been killed by white racists when Malcolm was young.

Question 15

Malcolm X drifted into crime and spent ___ years in prison, where he obtained the education he had missed and learned about the Black Muslim Movement.

Answer 15

10

Question 16

What did Malcolm X do in relation to his surname after he came out prison?

Answer 16

When he came out of prison, he rejected his original surname, which he said was a name given to his ancestors by their white owners when they were slaves, and replaced it with X.

Question 17

Malcolm X became a leading member of the ____ ___ ____, a Black Muslim group.

Answer 17

Nation of Islam

Question 18

What did Malcolm X argue was necessary to confront racism?

Answer 18

He argued that violence was necessary to confront white racism, and as self-defense against groups like the Ku Klux Klan.

Question 19

Malcolm X was a ___ speaker who gained a large following among young urban blacks.

Answer 19

fiery

Question 20

What was Malcolm X critical of in terms of MLK?

Answer 20

He was critical of King’s non-violence, which he said had held back black people.

Question 21

What did Malcolm X urge blacks to be proud of? (2)

Answer 21

• their heritage and their African roots

- to seize their freedom ‘by any means possible’.

Question 22

What did Malcolm X encouraged in terms of racial integration? (2)

Answer 22

• Unlike the Civil Rights Movement which encouraged racial integration, Malcolm X promoted black separation, believing that blacks needed to be self-reliant. He became the most influential leader of the Black Power Movement.
• Malcolm X was also critical of King’s willingness to cooperate with whites. For example, he spoke out against the march on Washington, saying that it was ‘watered down’ because whites were allowed to participate in it, instead of it being a rally by blacks only. He referred to it as the ‘farce on Washington’ and said that while Martin Luther King Jr was having a dream ‘the rest of us Negroes are having a nightmare’.

Question 23

Why was Malcolm X suspended from the Nation of Islam and what did he form?

Answer 23

In 1964 Malcolm X was suspended from the Nation of Islam because of his extremist views, and he formed his own organization, the Organization of Afro- American Unity.

Question 24

How did Malcolm X’s views changed after his pilgrimage to Mecca?

Answer 24

After a pilgrimage to Mecca, he changed his views and adopted a less extreme position. He now urged African Americans to work together with sympathetic whites to end racism.

Question 25

Like King, Malcolm X also died ____. He was assassinated in 1965, by fellow members of the Nation of Islam, after an ____ ___ in the organization.

Answer 25

violently

internal feud