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LEA Practical 2 > LEA Written Final Part 1 > Flashcards

LEA Written Final Part 1 Flashcards

Quiz 1 Material Griffin

1
Q

Sagittal/Median/Midsagittial divides the body into ___.

A

Right/left halves

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2
Q

Frontal/coronal plane divides the body into _____.

A

front/back

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3
Q

Horizontal/transverse/axial divides the body into ____.

A

top/bottom

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4
Q

A plane is ____ points, an axis is a _____.

A

3/more

Just a line

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5
Q

The midline of the foot is thru the ___ digit, parasagittal is thru the ____ digit.

A

2nd digit

4th digit

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6
Q

The axial skeleton includes the ____ of the body, the appendicular skeleton includes the _____.

A

Central of body (cranium, mandible, vertebrae column, ribs, sternum)

Bones of extremity

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7
Q

The os coxae is part of the _____, the sacrum/coccyx are _____ skeleton.

A

Appendicular skeleton

Axial

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8
Q

_____ is a decrease in joint angle in which 2 embryologically-ventral surfaces are brought closer together

A

Flexion

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9
Q

_____ is an increase in joint angle in which 2 embryologically ventral surfaces are brought further apart

A

Extension

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10
Q

The _____ is where the gravitational vector acting from the body’s center of gravity to the center of the earth.

A

LOG

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11
Q

The ___ is a point where the mass of an object can be considered concentrated

ALL unit masses are equally distributed

A

COG

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12
Q

The LOG when standing
Hip
Knee
Ankle

A

Hip- Behind
Knee- In front
Ankle- In front

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13
Q

The LOG when standing limits
Hip
Knee
Ankle

A

Hip hyperextension
Knee hyperextension
Ankle dorsiflexion

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14
Q

The gait cycle is composed of ____ stride or ____ step

A

One stride, 2 steps

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15
Q

The initial contact in gait is ____

A

Heel strike

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16
Q

The GFR is a resultant of _____________ acting on extremity at any given time

A

gravitational, muscular, momentum forces

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17
Q

GFR at midstance
Hip
Knee
Ankle

A

At the hip
Knee behind
Ankle in front of

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18
Q

At GFR mid stance one limb is off ground. What is active

A

Hip abductors on stance side to prevent sagging
(glut medius/glut minimus)

Knee extensors are active

Plantar flexors stabilize

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19
Q

Compensatory Trendelenburg gait is when individual compensates for weak _______ by shifting trunk to the _____ side during midstance

A

glut med/min

To affected side

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20
Q

In the dermis, there is an interweaving of ______ and ____, running in ______ directions.

A

Collagen/elastic fibers

the same directions

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21
Q

An incision made _____ to tension lines decreases likelihood of gaping, time healing, and scarring bc of fibers

A

parallel

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22
Q

The Langer’s lines on the plantar aspect of the foot run ______

A

longitudinally from prox. to distal

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23
Q

The Langer’s lines on the dorsal of the foot run ______ on the medial side and ______ on the lateral side

A

Longitudinally on medial side

Anterolaterally on the lateral side

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24
Q

The ____ is vascularized and contains hair follicles, arrestor muscles + sebaceous glands

A

Dermis

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25
Most nerve terminals are found in the _____
dermis
26
The _____ contains sweat glands, superficial blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and cutaneous nerves
subcutaneous tissue
27
Skin ligaments connect the dermis to the ____
deep fascia
28
____ is a denser, organized connective tissue devoid of fat that forms osteofascial compartments
Deep fascia
29
On the ____ of the foot, the skin is thick and hairless w/ a great deal of fatty tissue w/ papillary ridges
plantar
30
____ bone is solid and dense and contributes to the thickness of long bone shafts, while ____ is porous and found inside small bones and at the ends of long bones
Compact Cancelleous
31
____ bone can hypertrophy in response to mechanical demands
Cortical
32
The ____ is found at the end of long bones, while ____ is the shaft.
Epiphysis Diaphysis
33
The ____ is the expanded flare of a long bone and the medullary cavity is the tube area deficient of bone and filled w/ marrow
Metaphysis Medullary cavity
34
During youth, a layer of cartilage called the _____ separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis
epiphyseal
35
A____ joint formed between two articular surfaces ie interphalangeal joint
Simple
36
A ____ joint is formed by 3 or more articular surfaces
Compound
37
A _____ joint is possessing a disc or a meniscus
complex
38
A _____ joint is a combination of a compound and complex joint, like the patella
Composite
39
What are fibrous, synarthrosis joints?
Bones connects by fibrous connective tissue | suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis
40
What are cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) joints?
Hyaline cartilage covered bones
41
The cartilage of a growth plate on a long bone is considered a ____
primary cartilaginous or synchondrosis
42
The pubic symphysis is a _
secondary cartilaginous
43
A synovial joint has surfaces covered in______ and contains a _______ w/ synovial membrane
Cartilage (usually hyaline) Joint capsule
44
_____ is a gliding movement of one bone on other, movement is linear (non axial) , common in both synovial/nonsynovial
Translation
45
Flexion and extension takes place about a _____ axis and is common in only _____ joints
Transverse axis Synovial only
46
At a given joint, translation and rotation can occur ______
Concomitantly
47
At plane/gliding, ____ motion occurs
Nonaxial/translation
48
At pivot/trochoid ____ motion occurs
Uniaxial
49
At hinge/ginglymus, _____ motion occurs
Uniaxial/flexion + extension
50
At condyloid/ellipsoid, _____ motion occurs
Biaxial/flexion + extension Abductoin/adduction Circumduction
51
At saddle/sellar, _____ motion occurs
Biaxial/ flexion + extension Abduction/adduction Circumduction
52
At ball and socket/sphenoid, ______ motion occurs
``` multiaxial Flexion + extension Adbduction/Adduction Circumduction Medial/lateral rotation ```
53
Osteogenesis occurs through _______ ossification or __________ ossification
intramembraneous endochondral
54
In intramembranous ossification, flat bones get calcium deposited directly into ________
mesenchymal (primitive mesoderm)
55
In endochondral ossification , _______ transitions to ______, and calcium is deposited into _______
Mesenchyme that transitions to cartilaginous model Cartilatingous model (precursor to bone)
56
What are the three stages of endochondral ossification?
Mesenchymal, cartilaginous, osseous
57
At what stage of endochondral ossification do joints form?
Cartilaginous
58
During cartilaginous stage, mesenchymal cells condense into ______, which form hyaline cartilage
chondrocytes
59
During osseous stage, ____ enters the cartilaginous model to bring forward osteoblasts
blood vessels
60
The _____ ossification center is formed after osteoblasts bind to mineralize matrix and deposit bone matrices
primary ossification center
61
The _____ ossification center is formed when bloodd vessels enter epiphyses
secondary ossification center
62
Growth of bone is maintained by proliferation of ______ w/i the epiphyseal plate
chondrocytes
63
When bone achieves full length, growth plate becomes _____
synostosis
64
In the formation of fibrous/cartilaginous joints, the mesenchyme at the intervene differentiates into a ____________
single layer of fibrocartilage
65
The joint between the tibia/fibula and ulna/humerous is _____
syndesmosis
66
In ______, the body is twisted away from midline (knock-kneed)
Valgus
67
In _____ the body is twisted towards the midline (bow-legged)
Varus
68
In hallux valgus, there is a _____ deviation of hallux
Lateral
69
In hallux varus, there is a ______ deviation of hallux
medial
70
At week 4, lower limb buds appear and point ________ and _______
Laterally and caudually/inferiorly
71
At 4 weeks, each limb bud has a ________ core, covered by _______
mesenchymal core of mesoderm Ectoderm
72
What border becomes the future site of the hallux?
Superior prefixal border (L2-L4)
73
What border becomes the future site of the 5th pedal digit? What s the most distal segment in the adult limb?
Inferior postaxial border (L5-S3) Most distal is L4-S1
74
At week 6, the knees point _____, and the legs and feet have rotated ______
Knees laterally Rotated internally.
75
At week 6, the medial side of the hallux points _____ and the plantar of the foot face the ____
Medial hallux points superiorly Plantar of the foot faces trunk
76
At week _____, the foot is in equinus-supinated position
week 8
77
Rotation #1 happens at 6 weeks from _______ to ______
coronal to parasagittal
78
Rotation #2 happens ______ while upper limb is _____
Rotation #2 medially while laterally in upper limb
79
At week 4, _____ develop with a ______ (inner core) and a ______ (outside layer)
Limb buds develop w/ mesoderm and ectoderm
80
______ at 4 week turns into lateral plate to become bones ligaments and tendons + dermis
Mesoderm
81
At week 5, limb buds become ______ w/ a _____ at the tip
paddles w/ apical ectodermal ridge
82
During week ____, distinct thigh, leg foot and a footplate is formed
week 5
83
At week __, toe rays become visible
week 6
84
At week __, notches develop and digits become webbed
week 7
85
By week __, all regions LL are well defined
week 8
86
What ossifies first?
Femur + tibia | Ilium
87
In the skeletal system, mesenchymal condensations in the proximal limb are distinct by week ___
week 5
88
At week __ in the skeletal system, chrondrocytes form the hyaline cartilage models and joints form midweek- femur, tibia, fibula chondrify end of week- tarsals and metatarsals
week 6
89
By week __, everything is chondrified except for the distal phalanges and primary ossification centers begin to appear
week 7
90
By week __, distal phalanges chondriy and tibia begins to ossify
week 8
91
By week __, the ilium begins to ossify followed by the metatarsals and the phalanges
week 9
92
By week __, most primary ossification centers are present in long bones
week 12
93
By week ___, the ischium begins to ossify
week 15
94
The ____ is the last tarsal bone to ossify
Navicular
95
At week 6-7 in the development of the arterial system, the _____ artery retreat and the ____ artery elongates to form the femoral artery
sciatic artery retreats, the external iliac artery forms the femoral artery
96
At week 6-7 in the development of the arterial system, the _______ develops from the union of the femoral artery and popliteal artery
posterior tibial artery
97
By week 8 in the development of the arterial system, the ______ and the ____ arteries take over the foot plexuses
Anterior and posterior tibial arteries
98
By week 8, the remaining portions of the sciatic artery at _____, ______ and ______
Inferior gluteal artery, popliteal and fibular artery
99
If the sciatic artery does not go away, there is ______
Persistan sciatic artery
100
The thigh/leg/foot have developed from the dorsal/ extensor compartment have rotated _____. The form the _____ and ____ compartments of the lower limb
rotated anteriorly Anterior/lateral compartments of LL
101
The thigh/leg/foot that have developed in the ventral/flexor compartment have rotated ______. These muscles form the ____ and ___ muscles of the lower limb
rotated posteriorly form the posterior/medial compartments of LL
102
Developmentally ____ muscles are associated with the postaxial border
dorsal
103
Developmentally _____ muscles are associated with the preaxial border
ventral
104
Posterior division of ventral rami will supply the _____
developmentally dorsal muscles / postaxial
105
Anterior division of ventral rami will supply the ____
developmentally ventral muscles / preaxial
106
The duplication of digits is called ______
polydactyly
107
______ results from the mesenchyme not undergoing apoptosis
Cutaneous syndactyly

LEA Practical 2 (9 decks)

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