LEA-Supplement

Question 1

during quiet standing, the line of gravity has the tendency to have what action at each joint?

Answer 1

hyperextend the hip,
hyperextend the knee,
dorsiflex the ankle

Question 2

lurch gait: cause

Answer 2

due to paralysis or weakness of the GLUT MAX and hamstrings

Question 3

lurch gait: description

Answer 3

hand drops down, thorax moves posteriorly on the affected arm - patient walks lurching forward

Question 4

trendelenberg sign

Answer 4

during standing, patient lifts foot (unaffected side) off ground and pelvis is at least initially droops on the unaffected side;

or, during swing phase, pelvis droops on unaffected side

Question 5

trendelenberg cause

Answer 5

paralysis/lesion of gluteus medius and minimus

Question 6

rule for spinal nerves

Answer 6

the disc (e.g. L4/L5) involved is the one ABOVE the vertebra (L5) of the same number (L5) as the involved spinal nerve

Question 7

stenosis

Answer 7

stricture of any canal or orifice

Question 8

spondylosis

Answer 8

any lesion of the spine of a degenerative nature

Question 9

spondylolysis

Answer 9

degeneration or deficient development of a portion of the vertebrae; commonly involves the pars interarticularis

Question 10

spondylolisthesis

Answer 10

forward movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebra below it, or upon the sacrum

Question 11

spina bifida

Answer 11

“split spine” - incomplete fusion of one or more of the neural/vertebral arches

Question 12

body - vertebra in sacrum

Answer 12

in adult, typically 5 segments are fused together

Question 13

define: glomus body

Answer 13

component of the dermis layer of the skin, involved in body temperature regulation.

Consists of arterio-venous shunt surrounded by capsule of connective tissue (specifically by non-medullated nerve fibers and non-striated muscle fibers which work to assist in temperature regulation via opening/closing and possibly proprioception

Question 14

which two arteries anastomose to form the ARTERY OF THE SINUS TARSI?

Answer 14

Lateral Tarsal artery AND Perforating Fibular (Peroneal) artery

Think: “PP LT” –> Sinus Tarsi

Question 15

Direct continuation of SURAL NERVE that is found in the MIDFOOT?

Answer 15

Lateral Dorsal Cutaneous Nerve (LDN)

Think: Sural –> LDN

Question 16

What structures are found INSIDE the borders of the tarsal tunnel?

Answer 16

tendons of the posterior tibialis, flexor digitorum longus (FDL), and flexor hallucis longus (FHL) muscles;
the posterior tibial artery and vein, as well as posterior tibial nerve (L4-S3), also pass through it.

Question 17

in human embryo lower limb development, what gene is involved in SPECIFICATION OF LIMB IDENTITY?

Answer 17

TBX5 - (linked by TBX5 and WNT2B)