LE2 Flashcards
Activities or phenomena that occur on the Earth’s surface.
Exogenic Processes
The _______ is an ever-changing sphere shaped by forces operating both within and upon its surface.
Earth
It is the detachment of earth material from the surface of the earth.
Erosion
It is a dynamic process and includes the transportation of disintegrated rock materials away from their origin.
Erosion
Changes the shape of coastlines.
Erosion by Water
Waves constantly crash against shores.
Erosion by Water
They pound rocks into pebbles and reduce pebbles to sand.
Erosion by Water
Water sometimes takes sand away from beaches. This moves the coastline farther inland.
Erosion by Water
It carries dust, sand, and volcanic ashes from one place to another.
Erosion by Wind
_________ can sometimes blow sand into towering dunes.
Wind
__________ can erode the land.
Erosion by Ice
In frigid areas and on some mountaintops, glaciers move slowly downhill and across the land. As they move, they pick up everything in their path, from tiny grains of sand to huge boulders.
Erosion by Ice
It is defined as loosening and breaking of rock masses by the pressure of glacial ice.
Glacial Plucking
Glacial Plucking is also called ________.
Glacial Quarrying.
It is the rubbing, scratching, grooving and polishing action of the glaciers on the rock surface along or over which these ice masses happen to move.
Glacial Abrasion
_________ pulls any loose bits down the side of a hill or mountain.
Gravity
When rocks break down over time because of things like rain, wind, and even plants growing in cracks.
Weathering
It’s like nature’s way of slowly wearing away at rocks, turning them into smaller pieces.
Weathering
Refers to the process of breaking down rocks into smaller fragments without changing their chemical composition.
Physical Weathering
It occurs through physical forces and processes that cause rocks to fracture or disintegrate into smaller pieces.
Physical Weathering
It occurs in cold climates where temperatures frequently fluctuate above and below freezing.
Ice Wedging
It occurs when rocks are porous or permeable.
Freeze-thaw weathering
It is also known as exfoliation, occurs when overlying material is removed from a rock’s surface.
Release of Pressure
It is the roots grow into cracks and push rocks apart.
Growth of Plants
It burrow and push apart rocks.
Animals
It is the process by which rocks and minerals are broken down and altered through chemical reactions with water, gases, and other substances in the environment.
Chemical Weathering
It is the process where sediment, soil, or rock particles that have been transported by erosional agents such as water, wind, ice, or gravity are deposited or laid down in a new location.
Deposition / Sedimentation
It is the opposite of erosion, where materials are removed from one area.
Deposition / Sedimentation
It can freeze sediment and then deposit it elsewhere as the ice carves its way through the landscape or melts.
Glaciers
Sediment created and deposited by glaciers is called ________.
Moraine
__________ are made of rocky sediment worn down by wind and collision with other sand particles.
Sand Dunes
It is a type of mass wasting that results in the sliding of coherent rock materials along a curved surface.
Slump
It is the slow downhill flow of soil.
Solifluction
Release of Pressure is also known as _________.
Exfoliation
_________ dissolves rock chemically
Water
It is the process of oxidation. Rocks with iron mixes with oxygen, rusts.
Oxygen
It is the acids from plants and roots chemically weather rocks.
Living Organisms
It can move dirt across a plain in dust storms or sandstorms.
Wind
It is the movement of rock and soil downward due to gravity.
Mass Wasting
A downward viscous flow of fine-grained materials that have been saturated by water and moves under the pull of gravity
Earthflow
It is a mud travels down a slope very quickly.
Mudflow
It is a type of slide characterized by the chaotic movement of rocks, soil, and debris mixed with water or ice.
Debris Slide
It is a moving mass of loose mud, sand, soil, rock, water, and air that travels down a slope under the influence of gravity.
Debris Flow
It occurs when pieces of rocks break loose from a steep rock face or cliff.
Rock Flow
A slow, gradual movement of soil downhill over time.
Soil Creep
It is an internal geomorphic process.
Endogenic Processes
This energy is mostly generated by radioactivity, rotational and tidal friction and primordial heat from the origin of the earth.
Endogenic Processes
This energy due to geothermal gradients and heat flow from within induces diastrophism and volcanism in the lithosphere.
Endogenic Processes
It is when two forces push towards each other from opposite sides, the rock layers will bend into folds.
Folding
It is fracturing and displacement of more brittle rocks strata along a fault plan. The process of forming a fault.
Faulting
The beak in a rock along which a vertical or horizontal rock movement has occurred.
Fault
The line of fault is referred as the _________.
Fault Line
It is a volcanic activity or igneous activity. Eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface of the Earth.
Volcanism
It occurs when there is pressure and heat applied to geologic structures which leads to the formation of metamorphic rocks
Metamorphism
It is a seismic activity. A sudden shaking or vibration on the Earth’s crust.
Earthquake
_________ are powerful and dynamic geological agents. The water flowing through a stream performs three kinds of geologic works as erosion, transportation and deposition.
Rivers
The longest river in the world with a span of 6,650 km.
Nile River
The longest river in the Philippines with a span of 505 km.
Cagayan River
The second longest river with a span of *6,400 km. *
Amazon
He is the Scottish Geologist and mathematician, proposed that a river carve its own valley.
John Playfair
This law indicates how deep valleys and landforms have been formed.
Playfair’s Law
The rivers transport sediment, ranging from fine silt to large boulders, from one place to another.
Transportation
This movement of material helps shape the river’s course and the surrounding landscape.
Transportation
Rivers erode the land they flow over, gradually wearing away rock and soil to create valleys and other landforms.
Erosion
The force of the water, combined with the sediment it carries, acts like sandpaper, grinding down the riverbed and banks.
Erosion
When the river loses energy, it deposits the sediment it has been carrying.
Deposition
This process can create various landforms, such as deltas, floodplains, and alluvial fans, contributing to the ongoing transformation of the landscape.
Deposition
The movement of air over the surface of the earth is called _________.
Wind
Wind deposits are also called _________.
Aeolian Deposits
It is the act of removing the loose particles of the earth from one area and forming depression.
Deflation
By this process of removing the sand to the groundwater level, _________ is formed in the desserts.
Oasis
It is the process of impact of the coarse particles in the wind against formations like understanding rock and eroding them.
Abrasion
This reduction of velocity forces deposition of the particles the wind is carrying, and they form typical Aeolian deposits.
Deposition
It is a heap of sand conical in cross section with a gentle slope on the windward side and a steeper slope on the leeward side.
Sand Dunes
Understand wind-driven processes and their effects in erosion, deposition, and transportation because they may impose significant challenges to infrastructure stability and land use suitability.
Site Evaluation
Wind-blown sand and dust can accumulate around structures, affecting foundation stability and structural integrity. Engineers must consider wind-induced soil movement and sedimentation when designing foundations, retaining walls, and other geotechnical structures in windy environments.
Foundation Design
It is generally used for saline water bodies surrounded by landforms and also water bodies of shallower depth less than 4 km.
Sea
It is the waves created by the winds.
Sea Waves
________ are waves which only goes up and down.
Oscillatory Waves
The word _________ means pertaining to the shoreline.
Littoral
The movement of water up to the coast when the waves break is called _________.
Swash
The return of water back into the sea is called _________.
Backwash
The word littoral means pertaining to the shoreline.
Littoral Currents
The cracks in the cliff are filled with waves and its sudden release during the retreat of waves causes the material around the cracks to break up.
Hydraulic Action
These are massive structures built along the coast.
Seawalls
These are made of steel, concrete, or timber piles and they are used where the impact of waves are not very large.
Bulkheads
Understanding coastal processes and dynamics is crucial for coastal engineering projects, including shoreline protection, beach nourishment, and coastal infrastructure design.
Coastal Engineering
Marine geologists and engineers study seabed geology, sediment transport, and oceanography to assess resource potential, plan extraction operations, and minimize environmental impacts.
Marine Resources Management
This deals with study of minerals.
Mineralogy
It deals with the detailed mode of formation, composition, occurrence, types, association properties, etc.
Mineralogy
It is a naturally-occurring, homogeneous, solid with a definite but generally not fixed, chemical composition and an ordered atomic arrangement.
Mineral/s
It is usually formed by inorganic processes.
Mineralogy
The ________ represents the common node of occurrence of a mineral in nature.
Form
It is also called Habit or Structure of minerals.
Form and Habits
To come extent this is the function of the atomic structure of minerals.
Form and Habits
Minerals appear as Thin Separable Layer
- Mica
Lamellar Form
Minerals appears slab of uniform Thickness.
- Feldspar
Tabular Form
Minerals appear to be made of small spherical grain.
- Bauxite
Pisolitic Form
Minerals appear to be made of still small spherical grain.
- Limestone
Oolitic Form
Minerals appear to be made of innumerable equidimensional grain of coarse or medium of grain.
- Magnetite, Chromite
Granular Form
Minerals appear as a cluster or independent lath shaped grains.
- Kyanite
Bladed Form
Minerals appears as made up of smaller curved faces like bunch of grapes
- Hematite, Chalcedony
Botryoidal Form
Minerals appear as made up of thin needles.
- Natrolite, Actinolite
Acicular Form
Minerals appears as long slender prism.
Columnar Form
Minerals appear as elongated independent crystals.
- Quartz, Apatite
Prismastic Form
Minerals appear as porous.
- Pyrolusite, pumice
Spongy Form
Minerals appear as Polyhedral Geometric Shapes.
- Amethyst, Pyrite, Galena
Crystal Form
No definite shape of minerals.
- Graphite, olivine, jasper
Massive Form
Irregular shaped compacted bofy with curved surface.
- Flint
Nodular Form
It is due to composition.
Color
Are minerals that process inherent color due to their chemical composition.
Idiochromatic Minerals
