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GEOLOGY > LE1 > Flashcards

LE1 Flashcards

1
Q

______ is the study of Earth, its origin and history, the processes that shape it, and the resources that could be obtained from it.

A

Geology

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2
Q

came from greek word, Geo = ______ ; Logos = ______

A

Earth
Science

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3
Q

______ is the study of the Earth’s history and evolution.

A

Historical Geology

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4
Q

It involves understanding geological processes in the context of time, from the formation of the Earth to the development of its landscapes and life forms.

A

Historical Geology

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5
Q

______ is the study of ancient life through the examination of fossils.

A

Paleontology

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6
Q

It deals with the study of rock layers (strata and layering (stratification).

A

Stratography

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7
Q

It is the science of determining the age of rocks, fossils, and sediments.

A

Geochronology

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8
Q

______ focuses on the processes currently shaping the Earth’s surface and interior, and the materials composing it.

A

Physical Geology

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9
Q

Study of volcanoes and volcanoes eruptions; their processes, dynamics, and characteristics.

A

Volcanology

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10
Q

Study of earthquakes and the movement of seismic waves through the earth. includes sources and effects of earthquakes.

A

Seismology

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11
Q

It applies geological science to address issues affecting the environment and human society.

A

Environmental Geology

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12
Q

It involves studying natural hazards (like landslides and earthquakes), managing natural resources, and understanding human impacts on the Earth.

A

Environmental Geology

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13
Q

It applies geological data, techniques, and principles to study of rocks and soil surfaces for the purposes of engineering design and construction.

A

Enginering Geology

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14
Q

It involves the study of the Earth’s resources (such as minerals, metals, and fossil fuels) from discovery through to exploitation.

A

Mining Geology

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15
Q

It encompasses exploration techniques, resource estimation, and the sustainable extraction of minerals.

A

Mining Geology

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16
Q

______ work to identify and assess the quality and quantity of mineral deposits.

A

Mining Geologists

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17
Q

______ is a branch of geological sciences focusing on the exploration and extraction of oil and natural gas.

A

Petroleum Geology

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18
Q

______ is the study of minerals, their compositions, structure, properties, and the processes that lead to their formation.

A

Mineralogy

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19
Q

______ is the branch of geology that studies rocks and the conditions under which they form.

A

Petrology

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20
Q

______ is the study of landforms and the processes that shape the Earth’s surface.

A

Geomorphology

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21
Q

It investigates the formation and evolution of mountains, valleys, coastlines, and other landscape features, focusing on the interaction between geological structures and surface processes.

A

Geomorphology

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22
Q

______ applies the principles of physics to study the Earth’s interior and its physical properties.

A

Geophysics

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23
Q

______ involves the study of chemical composition of the Earth and its rocks and minerals, as well as the chemical processes and reactions that govern the composition of rocks and soils.

A

Geochemistry

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24
Q

Engineering Geology deals with application of geology for a ______, ______, and ______ and construction of a civil engineering project.

A

Safe
Stable
Economic design

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25
Q

______ a structure built across a river or stream to hold back water.

A

Dam

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26
Q

A compartmented rectangular container made of steel wire mesh and filled with stone, which is used for erosion control and retaining wall purposes.

A

Gabion Wall

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27
Q

______ are long, thin elements generally made of steel or reinforced concrete.

A

Pile Foundationan underground or undersea passageway.

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28
Q

______ an underground or undersea passageway.

A

Tunnel

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29
Q

Give details that are essential to understand relative merits and demerits of all the possible sites for the proposed structure.

A

Topographic Maps

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30
Q

Give details about distribution and geometry of the surface water channels and also the occurrence and depth contours of ground water below the surface of the earth.

A

Hydrological Maps

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31
Q

Petrological characters and structural disposition of rock types as developed in the proposed area are depicted in ______.

A

Geological Maps

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32
Q

This gives the engineer useful information regarding the fracturing and displacement that the site rocks might have undergone in the past.

A

Geological Maps

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33
Q

In its shape, the Earth is commonly described as a ______.

A

Spheroid

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34
Q

The outer gaseous part of the Earth starting from the surface and extending as far as 100km and even beyond.

A

Atmosphere

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35
Q

It makes only about one-millionth part of the total mass of the Earth.

A

Atmosphere

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36
Q

It is the lowermost zone of the atmosphere rising from the surface of the earth and extending, on an average to a height of 11 km.

A

Troposphere

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37
Q

its upper boundary called ______ lies at about 9km about the poles and at 18km about the equator.

A

Tropopause

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38
Q

It is the second layer of the atmosphere starting from the tropopause and extending up to an average height of 50km.

A

Stratosphere

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39
Q

The temperature becomes constant for a height of 20 km (about tropopause) and then starts increasing.

A

Stratosphere

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40
Q

Starts at a height of 9km about the surface and continues up to 35km.

A

Ozone Layer

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41
Q

This is the third thermal zone of atmosphere which begins at stratopause at about 50 km about the surface and continues up to a height of about 80 km.

A

Mesosphere

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42
Q

The fourth and last zone of the atmosphere starts at about 80km and extends up to 500km and beyond.

A

Thermosphere

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43
Q

Specialized zone that starts from 80km and extends to variable heights.

A

Ionosphere

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44
Q

The most strongly ionized layer is located at the base of ionosphere and is designated as D-Layer.

A

Ionosphere

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45
Q

It is also sometimes referred as _________ layer after the names of its discoverers.

A

Kennelly-Heavisiside

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46
Q

the region of atmosphere beyond 700km.

A

Exosphere

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47
Q

It is a low-density and high temperature region with a minimum atomic collusions.

A

Exosphere

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48
Q

It is the stony part of the Earth (litho = stone) and it includes all the solid material composing the Earth from the surface downwards.

A

Lithosphere

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49
Q

Litho means?

A

Stone

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50
Q

It is the uppermost solid shell of the Earth which has varying thickness in different areas.

A

Crust

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51
Q

______ is made up of extreme basic material called aptly ultra basics, that is very rich in iron and magnesium but quite poor in silica.

A

Mantle

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52
Q

Zone within the earth that starts from M-discontinuity and continues up to a depth of 2900km.

A

Mantle

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53
Q

Innermost structural shell of the Earth.

A

Core

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54
Q

It starts from depth of 2900km below the surface and extends right up to the center, at a depth of 6370km.

A

Core

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55
Q

A collective name for all natural water bodies occurring on or below the surface.

A

Hydrosphere

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56
Q

This term is sometimes used to express collective life form, as it exists on the surface and under water.

A

Biosphere

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57
Q

Heis the one who said thatcontinents move around on Earth’s surfaceand that they were once joined together asa single supercontinent.

A

Alfred Wegener

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58
Q

________ describes one of the earliest waysgeologists thought continents moved overtime.

A

Continental Drift Theory

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59
Q

Wegener was convinced that all of Earth’s continents were once part of an enormous, single landmass called ________.

A

Pangaea

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60
Q

It is the trace of an ancient organism

A

Fossils

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61
Q

Today, we know that the continents rest on massive slabs of rock called ________.

A

Tectonic Plates

62
Q

The plates are always moving and interacting in a process called ________.

A

Plate Tectonics

63
Q

________ is a scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created as a result of Earth’s subterranean movements.​

A

Plate Tectonics

64
Q

In the process of ________, molten rock rises from within the Earth and adds new seafloor (oceanic crust) to the edges of the old.

A

Seafloor Spreading

65
Q

Seafloor spreading is most dynamic along giant underwater mountain ranges known as ________.

A

Mid-ocean Ridges

66
Q

These plates lie on top of a partially molten layer of rock called the ________.

A

Asthenosphere

67
Q

An American geologist named ________ proposed that these ridges were the result of molten rock rising from the asthenosphere.

A

Harry Hess

68
Q

Millions of years later, the crust would disappear into ocean trenches at places called ________ and cycle back into Earth.

A

Subduction Zones

69
Q

He proposed that volcanic island chains, like the Hawaiian Islands, are created by fixed “hot spots” in the mantle.

A

John Tuzo Wilson

70
Q

The movement of the plates creates three types of tectonic boundaries:

A

Convergent
Divergent
Transform

71
Q

________, where plates move into one another.

A

Convergent

72
Q

________, where plates move apart.

A

Divergent

73
Q

________, where plates move sideways in relation to each other.​

A

Transform

74
Q

________, where plates serving landmasses collide, the crust crumples and buckles into mountain ranges.​

A

Convergent Boundaries

75
Q

India and Asia crashed about 55 million years ago, slowly giving rise to the ________, the highest mountain system on Earth.

A

Himalaya

76
Q

In the oceans, magma from deep in the Earth’s mantle rises toward the surface and pushes apart two or more plates.​

A

Divergent Boundaries

77
Q

On land, giant troughs such as the ________ in Africa form where plates are tugged apart.

A

Great Rift Valley

78
Q

The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of a transform boundary, where two plates grind past each other along what are called strike-slip faults. ​

A

Transform Boundaries

79
Q

The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of a transform boundary, where two plates grind past each other along what are called ________. ​

A

Strike-Slip Faults

80
Q

________ are those geologic conditions that present a risk to life (injury or death), of substantial loss or damge to property, or damge to the environment.

A

Geological Hazard

81
Q

Earthquake is also called ________, can be so tremendously destructive that it’s hard to imagine they occur by the thousands every day around the world, usually in the form of small tremors.

A

Temblors

82
Q

An ________ is a weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden movement of rock materials below the earth’s surface.

A

Earthquake

83
Q

The ________ is point inside that earth where the earthquake started.

A

Focus

84
Q

the focus is point inside that earth where the earthquake started, sometimes called the ________.

A

Hypocenter

85
Q

The point on the surface of the earth directly above the focus is called ________.

A

Epicenter

86
Q

Two ways of which we can measure the of an earthquake:

A

Magnitude
Intensity

87
Q

is proportional to the energy released by an earthquake at the focus.

A

Magnitude

88
Q

It is calculates from earthquakes recorded by an instrument called ________.

A

Seismograph

89
Q

It is the strength of an earthquake as perceive and felt by people in a certain locality.

A

Intensity

90
Q

It is a numerical rating based on the relative effects to the people, objects, environment and structures in the surrounding.

A

Intensity

91
Q

The ________ is generally higher near the epicenter.

A

Intensity

92
Q

it is represented by Roman Numerals (e.g. II, IV, IX).

A

Intensity

93
Q

levels in Numerals (?to be edited)

A

I. scarcely Perceptible
II. Slightly Felt
III. Weak
IV. Moderately Strong
V. Strong
VI. Very Strong
VII. Destructive
VIII. Very Destructive
IX. Devastating
X. Completely Devastating

94
Q

Two types of Earthquake:

A

Tectonic Earthquakes
Volcanic Earthquakes

95
Q

________ are produced by sudden movement along faults and plate boundaries.

A

Tectonic Earthquakes

96
Q

Earthquakes induces by rising lava or magma beneath active volcanoes is called ________.

A

Volcanic Earthquakes

97
Q

PHIVOLCS means

A

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology

98
Q

________ is a service of institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) that is principally mandated to mitigate disasters that make arise from volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunami and other related geotectonic phenomena.

A

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLSS)

99
Q

PEIS means?

A

PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale

100
Q

Earthquake Hazards:

A
  • Ground Rupture
  • Ground Shaking
  • Liquefaction
  • Earthquake-induces Landslide
  • Tsunami
101
Q

It is the deformation on the ground that marks, the intersection of the fault with the earth’s surface.

A

Ground Rupture

102
Q

It is the disruptive up, down and sideways vibration of the ground during an earthquake.

A

Ground Shaking

103
Q

It is the phenomenon wherein sediments, especially near bodies of water, behave like liquid similar to a quicksand.

A

Liquefaction

104
Q

such features are caused by soil losing its internal cohesion (friction between soil particles) during the strong shaking of a large earthquake, a process called ________.

A

Liquefaction

105
Q

During ________, the soil settles (consolidates), and extracted water may be forced to the surface.

A

Liquefaction

106
Q

It is down slope movement of rocks, solid and other debris commonly triggered by strong shaking.

A

Earthquake-induces Landslide

107
Q

It is the series of waves caused commonly by an earthquake under the sea.

A

Tsunami

108
Q

Give at least 3 effects of Tsunami:

A
  • flooding
  • coastal erosion
  • drowning of people
  • damage to properties
109
Q

Give some effect/s of Liqufaction:

A
  • Sinking
  • Tilting or structures above it
  • sand boil
  • fissuring
110
Q

Give some effect/s of Earthquake-induces Landslide:

A
  • Erosion
  • Burial
  • Blockage of roads and rivers
111
Q

With a magnitude or 9.5, it was one of the deadliest earthquakes in history, killing an estimated 5,700.

A

Valdivia, Chile (May 22, 1960)

112
Q

Large areas of North America were affected when nearly 1,000 km of fault along the Pacific North tectonic plates ruptured at once, causing an earthquake which shook for nearly 5 minutes.

A

Alaska, USA (March 27, 1964)

113
Q

3 Geological Hazards

A
  • Earthquake Hazards
  • Volcanic Hazards
  • Landslife Hazards
114
Q

A vent, hill or mountain from which molten or hot rocks with gaseous material have been ejected.

A

Volcano

115
Q

Also craters, depressions, hills or mountains formed by removal of pre-existing material or by accumulation of ejected materials.

A

Volcano

116
Q

What are the two tectonic plates that are situated in Philippines?

A
  • The Philippine Sea Plate
  • The Eurasian Plate
117
Q

It is also referred to as Circum-Pacific Belt, is a path along the Pacific Ocean characterized by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes.

A

The Ring of Fire

118
Q

It is the molten rock that breaks through the Earth’s surface.

A

Lava Flow

119
Q

It is referred as the fragmented volcanic particles.

A

Tephra

120
Q

It is referred as the fragmented volcanic particles less than 2 mm in diameter.

A

Ash

121
Q

Large particle tephra called volcanic bombs that are too heavy to transport in eruption columns are ejected straight out of the volcanic vent as __________ that fall near the vent

A

Ballistic Projectiles

122
Q

Large particle tephra is called _________

A

Volcanic bombs

123
Q

_________ are mixtures of fragmented volcanic particles (pyroclastics), hot gasses and ash that rush down the volcanic slopes or rapidly outward from a source vent at high speed.

A

Pyroclastic Density Currents (PDCs)

124
Q

_________ are laterally-directed thrusts of hot gas and ash that can be generated from an exploding dome on the summit vent or inside the edifice when sudden mass failure of the volcanic flanks occur.

A

Lateral Blast

125
Q

Form a dissolved component of magma that is released to the atmosphere in large quantities during eruptions.

A

Volcanic Gas

126
Q

It is sometimes called volcanic mudflows or debris flows, are slurries of volcanic sediment, debris and water that cascade down a volcano’s slopes through rivers and channels.

A

Lahar, flooding

127
Q

_________ is the mass of failure of the flanks of a volcano edifice due to magma intrusion, a strong earthquake or the movement of faults beneath the edifice.

A

Debris avalanche, landslide

128
Q

Occurs in caldera lakes when water is displaces by deformation of the lake floor caused by rising magma or the entry of PDCs or landslides into the lake, or in seas when water is displaces by PDCs or debris avalanches from volcanoes.

A

Volcanic Tsunami

129
Q

Ascending magma can cause the volcano edifice to swell before and during an eruption, causing the ground to break up into fissures, typically along weaknesses in the rock such as fractures or faults.

A

Ground Deformation (subsidence, fissuring)

130
Q

Can be generated in still hot volcanic deposits such as those of PDCs and lava flow when these come into contract with water by erosion, rising groundwater or rainfall.

A

Secondary explosion, PDCs and ashfall

131
Q

Erupted within historical times (within the last 600 years), accounts of these were documented by man erupted within the last 10,000 years based on analyses of material from young volcanic deposits.

A

Active Volcanoes

132
Q

Give at least 3 examples of active volcanoes:

A
  • Mayon
  • Bulusan
  • Hibok-hibok
  • Kanlaon
  • Pinatubo
  • Taal
133
Q

Morphologically young-looking but with no historical or analytical records of eruption.

A

Potentially Active Volcanoes

134
Q

No recorded eruptions physical form has been intensively weathered and eroded, bearing deep and long gullies.

A

Inactive Volcanoes

135
Q

A _________ is the mass movement of rock, soil, and debris down a slope due to gravity.

A

Landslides

136
Q

Landslide material may include:

A
  • Soil
  • Debris
  • Rock
137
Q

It occurs when the driving force is greater than the resisting force.

A

Landslides

138
Q

It is a natural process that occurs in steep slopes.

A

Landslide

139
Q

The movement may range from very slow rapid. It can affect areas both near and far from the source.

A

Landslide

140
Q

Heavy rain saturates the soil, increasing its weight and reducing its internal cohesion, which can lead to landslides.

A

Intense Rainfall

141
Q

Over time, the physical and chemical breakdown of rocks (weathering) can alter

A

Weathering of Rocks

142
Q

__________ can lead to the formation of weaker materials that are more prone to sliding.

A

Weathering

143
Q

Earthquakes produce storng ground movements that can disrupt the mechanical stability of slopes.

A

Ground Vibrations Created During Earthquakes

144
Q

Volcanic eruptions can trigger landslides in several ways, including the collapse of weakened materials on the flanks of volcanoes, the rapid deposition of volcanic debris, and through earthquakes induces by magma movement.

A

Volcanic Activity

145
Q

The removal of vegetation decreases root reinforcement and increases soil erosion, reducing slope stability.

A

Deforestation

146
Q

These activities can destabilize slopes by altering the natural topography, adding weight to unstable soils, or by removing support from the base of slopes through excavation.

A

Construction and Mining Activities

147
Q

Leakage from water pipes, sewers, or irrigation works can lead to increased water infiltration in soil, similar to the effects of intense rainfall, thus increasing the risk of landslides.

A

Water Leakage from Utilities

148
Q

Activities such as blasting, drilling or heavy traffic can induce vibrations strong enough to destabilize slopes, especially where the geological or structural integrity of the slope has already been compromised.

A

Artificial Vibration

149
Q

What can be done to minimize landslide risks:

A
  • Hazard Mapping
  • Public Information
  • Engineering intervention measures or slope protection measures.
  • Early Warning System (EWS)
150
Q

_________ are monitoring systems designed to predict events that precede landslides in order to issue a hazard warning.

A

Early Warning System (EWS)

151
Q

It mitigates risk by reducing the consequences.

A

Early Warning System (EWS)

GEOLOGY (2 decks)

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