LE1 Flashcards
______ is the study of Earth, its origin and history, the processes that shape it, and the resources that could be obtained from it.
Geology
came from greek word, Geo = ______ ; Logos = ______
Earth
Science
______ is the study of the Earth’s history and evolution.
Historical Geology
It involves understanding geological processes in the context of time, from the formation of the Earth to the development of its landscapes and life forms.
Historical Geology
______ is the study of ancient life through the examination of fossils.
Paleontology
It deals with the study of rock layers (strata and layering (stratification).
Stratography
It is the science of determining the age of rocks, fossils, and sediments.
Geochronology
______ focuses on the processes currently shaping the Earth’s surface and interior, and the materials composing it.
Physical Geology
Study of volcanoes and volcanoes eruptions; their processes, dynamics, and characteristics.
Volcanology
Study of earthquakes and the movement of seismic waves through the earth. includes sources and effects of earthquakes.
Seismology
It applies geological science to address issues affecting the environment and human society.
Environmental Geology
It involves studying natural hazards (like landslides and earthquakes), managing natural resources, and understanding human impacts on the Earth.
Environmental Geology
It applies geological data, techniques, and principles to study of rocks and soil surfaces for the purposes of engineering design and construction.
Enginering Geology
It involves the study of the Earth’s resources (such as minerals, metals, and fossil fuels) from discovery through to exploitation.
Mining Geology
It encompasses exploration techniques, resource estimation, and the sustainable extraction of minerals.
Mining Geology
______ work to identify and assess the quality and quantity of mineral deposits.
Mining Geologists
______ is a branch of geological sciences focusing on the exploration and extraction of oil and natural gas.
Petroleum Geology
______ is the study of minerals, their compositions, structure, properties, and the processes that lead to their formation.
Mineralogy
______ is the branch of geology that studies rocks and the conditions under which they form.
Petrology
______ is the study of landforms and the processes that shape the Earth’s surface.
Geomorphology
It investigates the formation and evolution of mountains, valleys, coastlines, and other landscape features, focusing on the interaction between geological structures and surface processes.
Geomorphology
______ applies the principles of physics to study the Earth’s interior and its physical properties.
Geophysics
______ involves the study of chemical composition of the Earth and its rocks and minerals, as well as the chemical processes and reactions that govern the composition of rocks and soils.
Geochemistry
Engineering Geology deals with application of geology for a ______, ______, and ______ and construction of a civil engineering project.
Safe
Stable
Economic design
______ a structure built across a river or stream to hold back water.
Dam
A compartmented rectangular container made of steel wire mesh and filled with stone, which is used for erosion control and retaining wall purposes.
Gabion Wall
______ are long, thin elements generally made of steel or reinforced concrete.
Pile Foundationan underground or undersea passageway.
______ an underground or undersea passageway.
Tunnel
Give details that are essential to understand relative merits and demerits of all the possible sites for the proposed structure.
Topographic Maps
Give details about distribution and geometry of the surface water channels and also the occurrence and depth contours of ground water below the surface of the earth.
Hydrological Maps
Petrological characters and structural disposition of rock types as developed in the proposed area are depicted in ______.
Geological Maps
This gives the engineer useful information regarding the fracturing and displacement that the site rocks might have undergone in the past.
Geological Maps
In its shape, the Earth is commonly described as a ______.
Spheroid
The outer gaseous part of the Earth starting from the surface and extending as far as 100km and even beyond.
Atmosphere
It makes only about one-millionth part of the total mass of the Earth.
Atmosphere
It is the lowermost zone of the atmosphere rising from the surface of the earth and extending, on an average to a height of 11 km.
Troposphere
its upper boundary called ______ lies at about 9km about the poles and at 18km about the equator.
Tropopause
It is the second layer of the atmosphere starting from the tropopause and extending up to an average height of 50km.
Stratosphere
The temperature becomes constant for a height of 20 km (about tropopause) and then starts increasing.
Stratosphere
Starts at a height of 9km about the surface and continues up to 35km.
Ozone Layer
This is the third thermal zone of atmosphere which begins at stratopause at about 50 km about the surface and continues up to a height of about 80 km.
Mesosphere
The fourth and last zone of the atmosphere starts at about 80km and extends up to 500km and beyond.
Thermosphere
Specialized zone that starts from 80km and extends to variable heights.
Ionosphere
The most strongly ionized layer is located at the base of ionosphere and is designated as D-Layer.
Ionosphere
It is also sometimes referred as _________ layer after the names of its discoverers.
Kennelly-Heavisiside
the region of atmosphere beyond 700km.
Exosphere
It is a low-density and high temperature region with a minimum atomic collusions.
Exosphere
It is the stony part of the Earth (litho = stone) and it includes all the solid material composing the Earth from the surface downwards.
Lithosphere
Litho means?
Stone
It is the uppermost solid shell of the Earth which has varying thickness in different areas.
Crust
______ is made up of extreme basic material called aptly ultra basics, that is very rich in iron and magnesium but quite poor in silica.
Mantle
Zone within the earth that starts from M-discontinuity and continues up to a depth of 2900km.
Mantle
Innermost structural shell of the Earth.
Core
It starts from depth of 2900km below the surface and extends right up to the center, at a depth of 6370km.
Core
A collective name for all natural water bodies occurring on or below the surface.
Hydrosphere
This term is sometimes used to express collective life form, as it exists on the surface and under water.
Biosphere
Heis the one who said thatcontinents move around on Earth’s surfaceand that they were once joined together asa single supercontinent.
Alfred Wegener
________ describes one of the earliest waysgeologists thought continents moved overtime.
Continental Drift Theory
Wegener was convinced that all of Earth’s continents were once part of an enormous, single landmass called ________.
Pangaea
It is the trace of an ancient organism
Fossils
Today, we know that the continents rest on massive slabs of rock called ________.
Tectonic Plates
The plates are always moving and interacting in a process called ________.
Plate Tectonics
________ is a scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created as a result of Earth’s subterranean movements.
Plate Tectonics
In the process of ________, molten rock rises from within the Earth and adds new seafloor (oceanic crust) to the edges of the old.
Seafloor Spreading
Seafloor spreading is most dynamic along giant underwater mountain ranges known as ________.
Mid-ocean Ridges
These plates lie on top of a partially molten layer of rock called the ________.
Asthenosphere
An American geologist named ________ proposed that these ridges were the result of molten rock rising from the asthenosphere.
Harry Hess
Millions of years later, the crust would disappear into ocean trenches at places called ________ and cycle back into Earth.
Subduction Zones
He proposed that volcanic island chains, like the Hawaiian Islands, are created by fixed “hot spots” in the mantle.
John Tuzo Wilson
The movement of the plates creates three types of tectonic boundaries:
Convergent
Divergent
Transform
________, where plates move into one another.
Convergent
________, where plates move apart.
Divergent
________, where plates move sideways in relation to each other.
Transform
________, where plates serving landmasses collide, the crust crumples and buckles into mountain ranges.
Convergent Boundaries
India and Asia crashed about 55 million years ago, slowly giving rise to the ________, the highest mountain system on Earth.
Himalaya
In the oceans, magma from deep in the Earth’s mantle rises toward the surface and pushes apart two or more plates.
Divergent Boundaries
On land, giant troughs such as the ________ in Africa form where plates are tugged apart.
Great Rift Valley
The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of a transform boundary, where two plates grind past each other along what are called strike-slip faults.
Transform Boundaries
The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of a transform boundary, where two plates grind past each other along what are called ________.
Strike-Slip Faults
________ are those geologic conditions that present a risk to life (injury or death), of substantial loss or damge to property, or damge to the environment.
Geological Hazard
Earthquake is also called ________, can be so tremendously destructive that it’s hard to imagine they occur by the thousands every day around the world, usually in the form of small tremors.
Temblors
An ________ is a weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden movement of rock materials below the earth’s surface.
Earthquake
The ________ is point inside that earth where the earthquake started.
Focus
the focus is point inside that earth where the earthquake started, sometimes called the ________.
Hypocenter
The point on the surface of the earth directly above the focus is called ________.
Epicenter
Two ways of which we can measure the of an earthquake:
Magnitude
Intensity
is proportional to the energy released by an earthquake at the focus.
Magnitude
It is calculates from earthquakes recorded by an instrument called ________.
Seismograph
It is the strength of an earthquake as perceive and felt by people in a certain locality.
Intensity
It is a numerical rating based on the relative effects to the people, objects, environment and structures in the surrounding.
Intensity
The ________ is generally higher near the epicenter.
Intensity
it is represented by Roman Numerals (e.g. II, IV, IX).
Intensity
levels in Numerals (?to be edited)
I. scarcely Perceptible
II. Slightly Felt
III. Weak
IV. Moderately Strong
V. Strong
VI. Very Strong
VII. Destructive
VIII. Very Destructive
IX. Devastating
X. Completely Devastating
Two types of Earthquake:
Tectonic Earthquakes
Volcanic Earthquakes
________ are produced by sudden movement along faults and plate boundaries.
Tectonic Earthquakes
Earthquakes induces by rising lava or magma beneath active volcanoes is called ________.
Volcanic Earthquakes
PHIVOLCS means
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
________ is a service of institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) that is principally mandated to mitigate disasters that make arise from volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunami and other related geotectonic phenomena.
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLSS)
PEIS means?
PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale
Earthquake Hazards:
- Ground Rupture
- Ground Shaking
- Liquefaction
- Earthquake-induces Landslide
- Tsunami
It is the deformation on the ground that marks, the intersection of the fault with the earth’s surface.
Ground Rupture
It is the disruptive up, down and sideways vibration of the ground during an earthquake.
Ground Shaking
It is the phenomenon wherein sediments, especially near bodies of water, behave like liquid similar to a quicksand.
Liquefaction
such features are caused by soil losing its internal cohesion (friction between soil particles) during the strong shaking of a large earthquake, a process called ________.
Liquefaction
During ________, the soil settles (consolidates), and extracted water may be forced to the surface.
Liquefaction
It is down slope movement of rocks, solid and other debris commonly triggered by strong shaking.
Earthquake-induces Landslide
It is the series of waves caused commonly by an earthquake under the sea.
Tsunami
Give at least 3 effects of Tsunami:
- flooding
- coastal erosion
- drowning of people
- damage to properties
Give some effect/s of Liqufaction:
- Sinking
- Tilting or structures above it
- sand boil
- fissuring
Give some effect/s of Earthquake-induces Landslide:
- Erosion
- Burial
- Blockage of roads and rivers
With a magnitude or 9.5, it was one of the deadliest earthquakes in history, killing an estimated 5,700.
Valdivia, Chile (May 22, 1960)
Large areas of North America were affected when nearly 1,000 km of fault along the Pacific North tectonic plates ruptured at once, causing an earthquake which shook for nearly 5 minutes.
Alaska, USA (March 27, 1964)
3 Geological Hazards
- Earthquake Hazards
- Volcanic Hazards
- Landslife Hazards
A vent, hill or mountain from which molten or hot rocks with gaseous material have been ejected.
Volcano
Also craters, depressions, hills or mountains formed by removal of pre-existing material or by accumulation of ejected materials.
Volcano
What are the two tectonic plates that are situated in Philippines?
- The Philippine Sea Plate
- The Eurasian Plate
It is also referred to as Circum-Pacific Belt, is a path along the Pacific Ocean characterized by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes.
The Ring of Fire
It is the molten rock that breaks through the Earth’s surface.
Lava Flow
It is referred as the fragmented volcanic particles.
Tephra
It is referred as the fragmented volcanic particles less than 2 mm in diameter.
Ash
Large particle tephra called volcanic bombs that are too heavy to transport in eruption columns are ejected straight out of the volcanic vent as __________ that fall near the vent
Ballistic Projectiles
Large particle tephra is called _________
Volcanic bombs
_________ are mixtures of fragmented volcanic particles (pyroclastics), hot gasses and ash that rush down the volcanic slopes or rapidly outward from a source vent at high speed.
Pyroclastic Density Currents (PDCs)
_________ are laterally-directed thrusts of hot gas and ash that can be generated from an exploding dome on the summit vent or inside the edifice when sudden mass failure of the volcanic flanks occur.
Lateral Blast
Form a dissolved component of magma that is released to the atmosphere in large quantities during eruptions.
Volcanic Gas
It is sometimes called volcanic mudflows or debris flows, are slurries of volcanic sediment, debris and water that cascade down a volcano’s slopes through rivers and channels.
Lahar, flooding
_________ is the mass of failure of the flanks of a volcano edifice due to magma intrusion, a strong earthquake or the movement of faults beneath the edifice.
Debris avalanche, landslide
Occurs in caldera lakes when water is displaces by deformation of the lake floor caused by rising magma or the entry of PDCs or landslides into the lake, or in seas when water is displaces by PDCs or debris avalanches from volcanoes.
Volcanic Tsunami
Ascending magma can cause the volcano edifice to swell before and during an eruption, causing the ground to break up into fissures, typically along weaknesses in the rock such as fractures or faults.
Ground Deformation (subsidence, fissuring)
Can be generated in still hot volcanic deposits such as those of PDCs and lava flow when these come into contract with water by erosion, rising groundwater or rainfall.
Secondary explosion, PDCs and ashfall
Erupted within historical times (within the last 600 years), accounts of these were documented by man erupted within the last 10,000 years based on analyses of material from young volcanic deposits.
Active Volcanoes
Give at least 3 examples of active volcanoes:
- Mayon
- Bulusan
- Hibok-hibok
- Kanlaon
- Pinatubo
- Taal
Morphologically young-looking but with no historical or analytical records of eruption.
Potentially Active Volcanoes
No recorded eruptions physical form has been intensively weathered and eroded, bearing deep and long gullies.
Inactive Volcanoes
A _________ is the mass movement of rock, soil, and debris down a slope due to gravity.
Landslides
Landslide material may include:
- Soil
- Debris
- Rock
It occurs when the driving force is greater than the resisting force.
Landslides
It is a natural process that occurs in steep slopes.
Landslide
The movement may range from very slow rapid. It can affect areas both near and far from the source.
Landslide
Heavy rain saturates the soil, increasing its weight and reducing its internal cohesion, which can lead to landslides.
Intense Rainfall
Over time, the physical and chemical breakdown of rocks (weathering) can alter
Weathering of Rocks
__________ can lead to the formation of weaker materials that are more prone to sliding.
Weathering
Earthquakes produce storng ground movements that can disrupt the mechanical stability of slopes.
Ground Vibrations Created During Earthquakes
Volcanic eruptions can trigger landslides in several ways, including the collapse of weakened materials on the flanks of volcanoes, the rapid deposition of volcanic debris, and through earthquakes induces by magma movement.
Volcanic Activity
The removal of vegetation decreases root reinforcement and increases soil erosion, reducing slope stability.
Deforestation
These activities can destabilize slopes by altering the natural topography, adding weight to unstable soils, or by removing support from the base of slopes through excavation.
Construction and Mining Activities
Leakage from water pipes, sewers, or irrigation works can lead to increased water infiltration in soil, similar to the effects of intense rainfall, thus increasing the risk of landslides.
Water Leakage from Utilities
Activities such as blasting, drilling or heavy traffic can induce vibrations strong enough to destabilize slopes, especially where the geological or structural integrity of the slope has already been compromised.
Artificial Vibration
What can be done to minimize landslide risks:
- Hazard Mapping
- Public Information
- Engineering intervention measures or slope protection measures.
- Early Warning System (EWS)
_________ are monitoring systems designed to predict events that precede landslides in order to issue a hazard warning.
Early Warning System (EWS)
It mitigates risk by reducing the consequences.
Early Warning System (EWS)
