LE1 (2025)

Question 1

How does public health administration address the social determinants of health?

A. By providing individualized medical care
B. By ignoring them as they are beyond the scope of public health
C. By conducting medical research
D. By developing policies to address socioeconomic factors affecting health

Answer 1

D. By developing policies to address socioeconomic factors affecting health

Rationale: Public health administration addresses the social determinants of health by developing policies that aim to improve the socioeconomic factors influencing health outcomes, such as education, income, and living conditions.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a social determinant of health?

A. Education level
B. Employment status
C. Income level
D. Genetic predisposition to certain diseases

Answer 2

D. Genetic predisposition to certain diseases

Rationale: Genetic predisposition is a biological factor, not a social determinant of health. Social determinants include factors like education level, employment status, and income level, which affect health through social and economic mechanisms.

Question 3

Maria is a pregnant woman living in a low-income urban area in the Philippines. She needs prenatal care and assistance during childbirth. What government program should provide her with access to free maternal and child health services?

A. Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI)
B. Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012
C. National Nutrition Council (NNC)
D. Batas Kasambahay (Domestic Workers Act)

Answer 3

B. Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012

Rationale: This act provides access to free maternal and child health services, including prenatal care and assistance during childbirth, particularly for those in low-income areas.

Question 4

A government agency is evaluating the construction of a new hospital in a rural area. They estimate that the construction will cost 50M pesos and that it will provide economic benefits to the community, including increased employment and reduced travel cost for healthcare. What is the primary focus of a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) in this scenario?

A. Evaluating the economic feasibility of the hospital project
B. Determining the number of patients served by the new hospital
C. Assessing the quality of healthcare services provided by the new hospital
D. Weighing the benefits of the project against its costs in monetary terms

Answer 4

D. Weighing the benefits of the project against its costs in monetary terms

Rationale: A Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) focuses on comparing the economic benefits of a project with its costs to determine its feasibility and overall value in monetary terms.

Question 5

Luz, a self-employed individual, has a monthly income of 18,000 pesos. She is responsible for her own PhilHealth contributions and tax payments, which together amount to 30% of her income. After deducting these contributions and taxes, Luz has 70% of her income remaining. Her monthly medication expenses for a family member are 20% of her remaining income. How much of her remaining income is available for other healthcare expenses and personal use?

A. 10,800 pesos
B. 11,000 pesos
C. 9,000 pesos
D. 10,000 pesos

Answer 5

D. 10,000 pesos
Rationale: Luz’s income after deductions (30%) is 12,600 pesos. Her medication expenses (20% of 12,600) amount to 2,520 pesos, leaving her with 10,080 pesos for other expenses and personal use.

Question 6

In the Philippines, what is the main source of funding for the public health system?

A. Donations from international organizations
B. Taxes and contributions to PhilHealth
C. Charitable donations from the public
D. Private health insurance premiums

Answer 6

B. Taxes and contributions to PhilHealth

Rationale: The main source of funding for the public health system in the Philippines is through taxes and contributions to the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth).

Question 7

What is the significance of data collection and analysis in public health decision-making?

A. Data collection and analysis inform evidence-based public health decisions
B. Data collection and analysis are only relevant in clinical medicine
C. Data collection is unnecessary in public health
D. Data analysis is primarily used for marketing purposes

Answer 7

A. Data collection and analysis inform evidence-based public health decisions

Rationale: Data collection and analysis are crucial for making informed, evidence-based decisions in public health, guiding policy development, and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions.

Question 8

How is the Universal Health Care Law funded in the Philippines?

A. Through foreign aid and grants
B. Through increased taxes on essential goods
C. Through the national budget and sin taxes on tobacco and alcohol products
D. Through voluntary contributions from individuals

Answer 8

C. Through the national budget and sin taxes on tobacco and alcohol products

Rationale: The Universal Health Care Law in the Philippines is funded through allocations from the national budget and revenue from sin taxes on tobacco and alcohol products.

Question 9

An LGU in the Philippines is considering implementing a health insurance program for its residents to improve access to healthcare services. Which government agency should the LGU coordinate with to develop this program?

A. Department of Education (DepEd)
B. Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)
C. Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth)
D. Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)

Answer 9

C. Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth)

Rationale: LGUs should coordinate with PhilHealth, the government agency responsible for the national health insurance program, to develop and implement health insurance programs for residents.

Question 10

In a cost-utility analysis (CUA), what is the common measure used to assess the effectiveness of healthcare interventions in terms of health-related quality of life?

A. Total healthcare spending
B. Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY)
C. Hospital length of stay
D. Mortality rate

Answer 10

B. Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY)

Rationale: In cost-utility analysis (CUA), the effectiveness of healthcare interventions is commonly measured in terms of Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY), which assess the quality and quantity of life gained from healthcare interventions.

Question 11

How does the Philippine Sin Tax Law allocate the revenue generated from sin taxes?
A. Partially to the universal healthcare program and health-related projects
B. To fund infrastructure development projects
C. Entirely to the general fund of the national government
D. Exclusively to the promotion of the tobacco and alcohol industries

Answer 11

A. Partially to the universal healthcare program and health-related projects

Rationale: The Philippine Sin Tax Law allocates a portion of the revenue generated from sin taxes to fund the universal healthcare program and other health-related projects.

Question 12

What is the term for the value of the next best alternative that must be forgone when a choice is made?
A. Diminishing returns
B. Marginal utility
C. Opportunity cost
D. Elasticity

Answer 12

C. Opportunity cost

Rationale: Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative that must be forgone when a choice is made.

Question 13

A new drug is being compared to an existing drug for the treatment of a specific condition. The new drug is more effective but also more expensive. What does the ICER calculation measure in this context?
A. The additional cost of the new drug per unit of additional effectiveness compared to the existing drug
B. The cost-effectiveness of the existing drug
C. The number of patients treated with the new drug
D. The total cost of the new drug

Answer 13

A. The additional cost of the new drug per unit of additional effectiveness compared to the existing drug

Rationale: The Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) measures the additional cost per unit of effectiveness gained by using the new drug compared to the existing one.

Question 14

In the context of health financing, what is risk pooling?
A. The practice of spreading the financial risk of healthcare expenses across a large population
B. The use of reserves to cover healthcare costs
C. The process of identifying high-risk individuals and excluding them from insurance coverage
D. Combining different types of insurance policies

Answer 14

A. The practice of spreading the financial risk of healthcare expenses across a large population

Rationale: Risk pooling involves distributing the financial risk of healthcare expenses among a large group of people to make healthcare more affordable for individuals.

Question 15

According to the Generic Act, what is a key requirement for a drug to be considered a generic medicine in the Philippines?
A. It must have a brand name
B. It must contain the same active ingredients as the innovator or reference brand
C. It must cost the same as the innovator or reference brand
D. It must be patented

Answer 15

B. It must contain the same active ingredients as the innovator or reference brand

Rationale: For a drug to be considered a generic medicine in the Philippines, it must contain the same active ingredients as the innovator or reference brand and meet the same standards of quality and efficacy.

Question 16

Juan, a 60-year-old retiree, is eligible for government-sponsored health insurance in the Philippines. Which healthcare insurance is Juan most likely to enroll in to receive financial assistance for his medical expenses?
A. Social Security System (SSS)
B. Private health insurance
C. PhilHealth
D. Medicare

Answer 16

C. PhilHealth

Rationale: Juan, as a 60-year-old retiree, is most likely to enroll in PhilHealth, which is the government-sponsored health insurance program in the Philippines, providing financial assistance for medical expenses.

Question 17

Which of the following healthcare professionals typically plays a central role in delivering primary care services within the Universal Care System as primary care providers?
A. Surgeons
B. Radiologists
C. Pharmacists
D. General Practitioners or Family Physicians

Answer 17

D. General Practitioners or Family Physicians

Rationale: General Practitioners or Family Physicians typically play a central role in delivering primary care services within the Universal Care System as primary care providers.

Question 18

A public health administrator is tasked with addressing a community’s high rates of childhood obesity. Which strategy should they prioritize to combat this issue?
A. Providing low-cost gym memberships to families
B. Implementing a city-wide smoking ban
C. Mandating regular health check-ups for children
D. Promoting healthy eating through school-based nutrition programs

Answer 18

D. Promoting healthy eating through school-based nutrition programs
Rationale: School-based nutrition programs are effective in promoting healthy eating habits among children, which can directly address and reduce childhood obesity rates.

Question 19

Ramon, a senior citizen, requires regular medical checkups and maintenance medication. He is worried about the cost of his healthcare as a retiree. What government program provides healthcare benefits and privileges to senior citizens in the Philippines?
A. Barangay Health Stations (BHS)
B. Universal Health Care Act
C. Conditional Cash Transfer Program (CCT)
D. Senior Citizens Act of 2003

Answer 19

D. Senior Citizens Act of 2003
Rationale: The Senior Citizens Act of 2003 provides healthcare benefits and privileges to senior citizens in the Philippines, ensuring they receive regular medical checkups and necessary medications at reduced or no cost.

Question 20

What is the primary goal of health financing reforms?
A. To decrease the quality of healthcare services
B. To ensure equitable access to healthcare services and improve financial protection for individuals
C. To eliminate the need for health insurance
D. To increase the profits of healthcare providers

Answer 20

B. To ensure equitable access to healthcare services and improve financial protection for individuals
Rationale: The primary goal of health financing reforms is to ensure that all individuals have equitable access to healthcare services and are protected from financial hardship due to medical expenses.

Question 21

How does the public health administration address environmental health concerns?
A. By performing medical procedures
B. By developing policies to regulate pollutants and protect public health
C. By conducting laboratory research
D. By ignoring them as they are not related to healthcare

Answer 21

B. By developing policies to regulate pollutants and protect public health
Rationale: Public health administration addresses environmental health concerns by creating and enforcing policies that regulate pollutants and protect public health.

Question 22

The Department of Health (DOH) in the Philippines wants to expand its healthcare infrastructure to reach underserved communities. What financing strategy can the DOH employ to fund these expansions?
A. Implementing user fees for healthcare services
B. Borrowing funds from local banks
C. Reducing the salaries of healthcare workers
D. Partnering with public-private partnerships (PPPs)

Answer 22

D. Partnering with public-private partnerships (PPPs)
Rationale: Public-private partnerships (PPPs) can provide additional funding and resources to expand healthcare infrastructure, reaching underserved communities effectively.

Question 23

What is the primary purpose of health financing?
A. To determine patient eligibility for medical treatment
B. To generate profits for healthcare providers
C. To allocate resources and funds for healthcare services
D. To establish medical billing codes

Answer 23

C. To allocate resources and funds for healthcare services
Rationale: The primary purpose of health financing is to ensure that resources and funds are appropriately allocated to provide healthcare services to the population.

Question 24

In health economics, what does the term “opportunity cost” refer to?
A. The value of the next best alternative that must be forgone when a choice is made
B. The profit generated by healthcare providers
C. The cost of healthcare services
D. The actual monetary expenditure on healthcare

Answer 24

A. The value of the next best alternative that must be forgone when a choice is made
Rationale: Opportunity cost in health economics refers to the value of the next best alternative that is forgone when a decision is made to allocate resources to a particular intervention or service.

Question 25

What is the primary purpose of conducting a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) in health economics?
A. To determine the effectiveness of a healthcare intervention in achieving desired outcomes
B. To calculate the patient’s out-of-pocket expenses for healthcare
C. To estimate the total healthcare expenditure in a given region
D. To measure the cost of providing healthcare services

Answer 25

A. To determine the effectiveness of a healthcare intervention in achieving desired outcomes
Rationale: Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) aims to assess the effectiveness of healthcare interventions in achieving desired health outcomes relative to their costs.

Question 26

What are social determinants of health?
A. Genetic factors that influence outcomes
B. Economic and social conditions that affect an individual’s health
C. Biological factors that determine one’s risk of disease
D. Geographic factors that impact access to healthcare

Answer 26

B. Economic and social conditions that affect an individual’s health
Rationale: Social determinants of health are the economic and social conditions that influence the health of individuals and communities, such as education, income, and living conditions.

Question 27

What is a deductible in health insurance?
A. The cost of prescription medications
B. The maximum amount an insurance company will pay for medical expenses
C. The amount a policyholder must pay before the insurance coverage begins
D. The monthly premium paid for insurance coverage

Answer 27

B. The maximum amount an insurance
company will pay for medical expenses

Question 28

How can income inequality have no impact on health outcomes?
A. Income inequality has no impact on health outcomes
B. Income inequality can lead to disparities in access to healthcare, nutrition, and housing, impacting the health of disadvantaged populations
C. Higher income inequality is associated with better overall health for everyone
D. Income inequity only affects mental health but not physical health

Answer 28

B. Income inequality can lead to disparities in access to healthcare, nutrition, and housing, impacting the health of disadvantaged populations

Rationale: Income inequality can negatively impact health outcomes by creating disparities in access to essential services like healthcare, nutritious food, and safe housing, disproportionately affecting disadvantaged populations.

Question 29

What is a health insurance premium?
A. The out-of-pocket expenses paid by patients at healthcare facilities
B. The fee charged by hospitals for medical procedures
C. The amount individuals or employers pay for health insurance coverage
D. The cost of prescription medication

Answer 29

C. The amount individuals or employers pay for health insurance coverage

Rationale: A health insurance premium is the amount paid, typically monthly, by individuals or employers for health insurance coverage.

Question 30

Juan, a government employee, has a monthly income of 30,000 pesos. Deductions for PhilHealth, SSS, and taxes amount to 10% of his gross income. Juan’s monthly medication expenses for his family include 2,000 pesos for Losartan and 1,000 pesos for Metformin. How much of his remaining income is available for other healthcare expenses and personal use?
A. 24,000 pesos
B. 27,000 pesos
C. 26,000 pesos
D. 25,000 pesos

Answer 30

A. 24,000 pesos

Juan’s monthly income: 30,000 pesos

1. Deductions for PhilHealth, SSS, and taxes (10% of gross income):
   
   • 30,000 pesos * 0.10 = 3,000 pesos
2. Medication expenses:
   
   • Losartan: 2,000 pesos
   • Metformin: 1,000 pesos
   • Total medication expenses = 2,000 pesos + 1,000 pesos = 3,000 pesos
3. Total deductions (PhilHealth, SSS, taxes + medication expenses):
   
   • 3,000 pesos (deductions) + 3,000 pesos (medication) = 6,000 pesos
4. Remaining income:
   
   • 30,000 pesos - 6,000 pesos = 24,000 pesos

Therefore, the correct answer is:
A. 24,000 pesos

Question 31

What strategies can public health administration use to engage communities and stakeholders in public health initiatives?
A. By conducting medical research
B. By fostering collaboration, communication, and community involvement
C. Strategies are not needed; people will automatically engage in public health initiatives
D. By providing financial incentives to individuals

Answer 31

B. By fostering collaboration, communication, and community involvement

Rationale: Public health administration can engage communities and stakeholders in public health initiatives through strategies that promote collaboration, effective communication, and active community involvement.

Question 32

Maria, a 40-year-old woman, is experiencing severe abdominal pain and needs immediate medical attention. She lives in a rural area in the Philippines. What healthcare facility is most likely to be her first point of contact for healthcare services?
A. A regional medical center
B. A private hospital
C. A specialized cancer center
D. A primary health center

Answer 32

D. A primary health center

Rationale: In rural areas in the Philippines, the first point of contact for healthcare services is typically a primary health center, which provides essential health services and immediate care.

Question 33

What does the term “utility” mean in health economics?
A. The total cost of healthcare services
B. The satisfaction or well-being derived from consuming healthcare services
C. The opportunity cost of healthcare
D. The price elasticity of demand

Answer 33

B. The satisfaction or well-being derived from consuming healthcare services

Rationale: In health economics, “utility” refers to the satisfaction or well-being that individuals derive from consuming healthcare services.

Question 34

Luz is a nurse working in a public hospital in Manila. She wants to pursue further education in the healthcare field. Which government agency is responsible for regulating and accrediting educational institutions offering healthcare programs in the Philippines?
A. DepEd
B. TESDA
C. CHED
D. DOH

Answer 34

C. CHED

Rationale: The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) is the government agency responsible for regulating and accrediting higher education institutions, including those offering healthcare programs in the Philippines.

Question 35

A public health administrator is dealing with a budget shortfall for their department. They need to decide which programs to prioritize. Which consideration should guide their decision-making?
A. Reducing all programs equally to ensure fairness
B. Funding programs that have the most political support
C. Prioritizing programs that benefit high-income individuals
D. Allocating resources to programs that address the most pressing public health issues in the community

Answer 35

D. Allocating resources to programs that address the most pressing public health issues in the community

Rationale: When dealing with a budget shortfall, public health administrators should prioritize programs that address the most pressing public health issues, ensuring that limited resources are used effectively to benefit the community.

Question 36

In a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), comparing two interventions for diabetes management, Intervention X costs 1,000 pesos per year and reduces blood sugar levels by 20 points, while Intervention Y costs 1,500 pesos per year and reduces blood sugar levels by 25 points. What is the primary objective of conducting a CEA in this context?
A. Identifying the cheapest intervention
B. Determining the number of patients with diabetes in the population
C. Evaluating the impact of interventions on blood sugar levels
D. Assessing the overall cost-effectiveness of the interventions in improving health outcomes

Answer 36

D. Assessing the overall cost-effectiveness of the interventions in improving health outcomes

Rationale: The primary objective of conducting a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is to evaluate the overall cost-effectiveness of different interventions in achieving desired health outcomes, such as reducing blood sugar levels in diabetes management.

Question 37

A community in a remote mountainous region of the Philippines lacks access to healthcare facilities. The residents often rely on traditional healers for their healthcare needs. What government initiative should be prioritized to address this healthcare gap?
A. Implementing the “Doctors to the Barrios” program
B. Increasing the budget for tertiary hospitals
C. Promoting herbal medicines as an alternative to modern health
D. Launching a nationwide vaccination campaign

Answer 37

A. Implementing the “Doctors to the Barrios” program

Question 38

Under the Universal Health Care Law, who are considered as direct contributors to the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth)?
A. Only government employees
B. Only employed individuals with regular income
C. Only individuals above the age of 60
D. Gainfully employed individuals, self-earning professionals, and overseas Filipino workers

Answer 38

B. Only employed individuals with regular income

Question 39

How does the public health administration promote vaccination and immunization programs?
A. By advocating for vaccine development
B. By conducting clinical trials
C. By developing and implementing vaccination policies and campaigns
D. By providing individualized medical care

Answer 39

C. By developing and implementing vaccination policies and campaigns

Question 40

Which social determinant of health refers to the places where people live, work, play, and how these environments can impact their health?
A. Economic stability
B. Access to healthcare
C. Neighborhood and built environment
D. Social support networks

Answer 40

C. Neighborhood and built environment

Question 41

In a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) comparing two healthcare interventions, Intervention A costs 10,000 pesos and provides an additional 5 years of healthy life, while Intervention B costs 15,000 pesos and provides an additional 7 years of healthy life. What is the ACER (Average Cost-Effectiveness Ratio) of Intervention B compared to Intervention A?
A. 3,000 pesos per year of healthy life
B. 4,000 pesos per year of healthy life
C. 2,500 pesos per year of healthy life
D. 3,500 pesos per year of healthy life

Answer 41

C. 2,500 pesos per year of healthy life

ACER for intervention A = Php 10000 / 5 years = 2000
ACER for Intervention B = Php 15000 / 7 years = 2142

Question 42

A local public health department is faced with an outbreak of a vaccine-preventable disease in a community with low vaccination rates. What should be the immediate priority for the public health administrator?
A. Implementing quarantine measures
B. Conducting a community-wide health education campaign
C. Mobilizing a team to administer vaccines
D. Requesting additional funding from the national government

Answer 42

C. Mobilizing a team to administer vaccines

Question 43

What is the primary goal of the Universal Health Care (UHC) Law in the Philippines?
A. To achieve equitable access to quality and affordable healthcare services for all Filipinos
B. To provide free healthcare services to all Filipinos, regardless of their economic status
C. To ensure that healthcare services are only available to those who can afford them
D. To establish a single-payer healthcare system

Answer 43

A. To achieve equitable access to quality and affordable healthcare services for all Filipinos

Question 44

Aida, a pregnant woman from a low-income family, is looking for prenatal care and assistance with childbirth. She needs a program that provides financial support and a maternal care system. Which government program in the Philippines can help Aida during her pregnancy?
A. Department of Education School-Based Program
B. PhilHealth’s Maternity Care Package
C. Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI)
D. Barangay Health Workers (BHW) Program

Answer 44

B. PhilHealth’s Maternity Care Package

Question 45

A public hospital in Manila needs to upgrade its medical equipment and facilities to provide better patient care. What financing mechanism should the hospital explore to secure the necessary funds?
A. Implementing cost-sharing mechanisms with patients
B. Seeking grants from international donors
C. Increasing the hospital’s budget from local sources
D. Charging higher fees to patients

Answer 45

B. Seeking grants from international donors

Question 46

Which of the following is the key source of health financing in many countries, including government-funded healthcare programs?
A. Donations from charitable organizations
B. Patient out-of-pocket payments
C. Tax revenue collected by the government
D. Private health insurance premiums

Answer 46

C. Tax revenue collected by the government

Question 47

What is the purpose of cost-sharing in health financing?
A. To eliminate the need for health insurance
B. To ensure that individuals pay the entire cost of their medical care
C. To reduce the financial burden on health insurance by distributing costs between the insurer and the insured
D. To provide free healthcare services to all individuals

Answer 47

C. To reduce the financial burden on health insurance by distributing costs between the insurer and the insured
Rationale: Cost-sharing in health financing aims to reduce the financial burden on health insurance by distributing the costs of medical care between the insurer and the insured, ensuring that individuals contribute to their own healthcare expenses.

Question 48

The local government of a province in the Philippines is struggling to allocate sufficient funds for its public health facilities and services. Which level of government should provide financial assistance to support local health financing?

A. Private healthcare providers
B. The national government
C. International non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
D. Local businesses and corporations

Answer 48

B. The national government

Rationale: The national government should provide financial assistance to support local health financing, especially when local governments struggle to allocate sufficient funds for public health facilities and services.

Question 49

A public health administrator is responsible for planning for potential bioterrorism events. What is a critical aspect of their role in this context?
A. Providing direct medical care to affected individuals
B. Developing and maintaining a robust surveillance system
C. Distributing personal protective equipment (PPE) to healthcare workers
D. Conducting clinical trials for new vaccines

Answer 49

B. Developing and maintaining a robust surveillance system
Rationale: A critical aspect of planning for potential bioterrorism events is developing and maintaining a robust surveillance system to detect and respond to bioterrorism threats effectively.

Question 50

In the context of the Local Government Code, what does “devolution of basic services” mean with regard to health services in the Philippines?
A. The centralization of health services within LGUs
B. The delegation of health service responsibilities from the national government to LGUs
C. The privatization of healthcare services in LGUs
D. The transfer of health services from LGUs to the national government

Answer 50

B. The delegation of health service responsibilities from the national government to LGUs
Rationale: The “devolution of basic services” in the context of the Local Government Code refers to the delegation of health service responsibilities from the national government to Local Government Units (LGUs), empowering them to manage and deliver health services locally.

Question 51

Which of the following is a key feature of the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth)?
A. It is primarily funded by foreign aid
B. It is a private, for-profit insurance company
C. It provides free healthcare services to all citizens
D. It offers universal health coverage to Filipinos

Answer 51

D. It offers universal health coverage to Filipinos
Rationale: A key feature of the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) is providing universal health coverage to Filipinos, ensuring that all citizens have access to essential healthcare services.

Question 52

What is health equity and its importance in public health administration?
A. Health equity is the same as health equality.
B. Health equity is not relevant in public health.
C. Health equity means equal access to healthcare services.
D. Health equity is the fair distribution of opportunities and resources for health.

Answer 52

D. Health equity is the fair distribution of opportunities and resources for health. (Correct Answer)

Question 53

What is the role of public health agencies?
A. Protecting and promoting public health
B. Overseeing insurance companies
C. Providing primary care to all citizens
D. Regulating pharmaceutical companies

Answer 53

A. Protecting and promoting public health (Correct Answer)

Question 54

What is the role of the Philippine Council for Health Research and Development?
A. Overseeing healthcare facilities
B. Promoting and funding health research in the country

Answer 54

B. Promoting and funding health research in the country (Correct Answer)

Question 55

Which level of government in the Philippines is primarily responsible for the delivery of basic health services and programs at the local level?
A. Municipal or city government
B. National Government
C. Barangay
D. Provincial

Answer 55

A. Municipal or city government (Correct Answer)

Question 56

What is the fundamental economic problem that health economics seeks to address?
A. Scarcity of healthcare resources
B. Lack of healthcare infrastructure
C. Excessive healthcare spending
D. High healthcare demand

Answer 56

A. Scarcity of healthcare resources

Question 57

Juan, a factory worker, recently suffered an on-the-job injury and needs medical treatment. He is concerned about his healthcare expenses. Which government agency in the Philippines can provide him with financial assistance for work-related injuries?
A. DSWD
B. PhilHealth
C. DOH
D. DOLE

Answer 57

D. DOLE

Question 58

What are the major challenges faced by public health administrators in addressing global health issues?
A. Inadequate technology
B. Lack of qualified healthcare providers
C. Limited access to healthcare facilities
D. Lack of funding and resources

Answer 58

D. Lack of funding and resources

Question 59

When conducting a cost-utility analysis, what does the term “Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs)” represent in the formula for the cost-utility ratio?
A. The income of the healthcare providers involved in the intervention
B. The duration of a person’s life after receiving the intervention
C. The total count of the healthcare intervention
D. A measure of health-related quality of life that takes into account both the quality and quantity of life lived.

Answer 59

D. A measure of health-related quality of life that takes into account both the quality and quantity of life lived. (Correct Answer)

Question 60

Maria, a low-income worker in the Philippines, recently fell ill and required hospitalization. She is worried about the cost of her medical bills. What government health financing program in the Philippines can help her access affordable healthcare services?
A. Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth)
B. No government program is available for her situation
C. Social Security System (SSS)
D. Department of Health (DOH) grant for low-income individuals

Answer 60

A. Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) (Correct Answer)

Question 61

In cost-utility analysis, what is the formula used to calculate the cost-utility ratio (CUR) for a healthcare intervention?
A. CUR = (Total Healthcare Spending) / (Total Population)
B. CUR = (Average Cost per Patient) / (Average Length of Hospital Stay)
C. CUR = (Healthcare Expenditure) / (Number of Healthcare Providers)
D. CUR = (Cost of Intervention) / (Quality-Adjusted Life Years gained)

Answer 61

D. CUR = (Cost of Intervention) / (Quality-Adjusted Life Years gained) (Correct Answer)

Question 62

What is the primary objective of the Generics Act (RA 6675) in the Philippines?
A. To promote the use of branded medications
B. To encourage the production of patented drugs
C. To ensure the availability and affordability of quality generic medicines
D. To regulate the importation of medical equipment

Answer 62

C. To ensure the availability and affordability of quality generic medicines (Correct Answer)

Question 63

What is epidemiological surveillance in disease control and prevention?
A. It involves conducting clinical trials
B. It is primarily used for marketing purposes
C. It involves monitoring disease trends, identifying outbreaks, and implementing control measures
D. Epidemiological surveillance is not relevant in public health.

Answer 63

C. It involves monitoring disease trends, identifying outbreaks, and implementing control measures (Correct Answer)

Question 64

Who typically serves as the Chairman of the local health board in a Philippine Local Government Unit (LGU), as mandated by the Local Government Code?
A. The City Health Officer
B. The Mayor of the LGU
C. The Councilor for Health
D. The DOH representative

Answer 64

B. The Mayor of the LGU (Correct Answer)

Question 65

Magna Carta for public health care workers recognizes rights to security of tenure for public health workers. What does this mean in the context of their employment?
A. Public health workers can only be terminated for serious misconduct
B. Public health workers cannot be dismissed from their position
C. Public health care workers have the right to choose their working hours
D. Public health care workers can resign from their position at any time

Answer 65

B. Public health workers cannot be dismissed from their position

Question 66

What is the primary goal of public health administration?
A. Maximizing hospital profits
B. Providing individualized medical care
C. Conducting clinical research
D. Promoting population health

Answer 66

D. Promoting population health (Correct Answer)

Question 67

What are the key differences between public health and clinical medicine?
A. Clinical medicine is primarily concerned with health policy
B. Public health is not concerned with healthcare delivery
C. Public health emphasizes prevention and population health while clinical medicine treats individual patients
D. Public health focuses on individuals, while clinical medicine focuses on populations

Answer 67

C. Public health emphasizes prevention and population health while clinical medicine treats individual patients (Correct Answer)

Question 68

How does universal health care address concerns related to the health workforce shortage in the Philippines?
A. It mandates a reduction in the number of medical schools in the country
B. It relies on the private sector to address the health workforce shortage
C. It provides scholarships for foreign medical students to practice in the Philippines
D. It establishes a program to recruit and deploy health professionals to underserved areas

Answer 68

D. It establishes a program to recruit and deploy health professionals to underserved areas (Correct Answer)

Question 69

What is the primary limitation of using the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) approach in healthcare evaluation?
A. It does not consider the monetary value of healthcare outcomes
B. It does not provide information about the cost-effectiveness of interventions
C. It relies on subjective judgments to assign monetary values to healthcare benefits
D. It cannot compare the costs of different healthcare interventions

Answer 69

C. It relies on subjective judgments to assign monetary values to healthcare benefits (Correct Answer)

Question 70

How does education impact the social determinants of health?
A. Higher education leads to better health outcomes due to increased access to medical care
B. Education has no significant impact on health
C. Education influences employment opportunities and income, which in turn affect health
D. Education directly impacts genetics and inherited health conditions

Answer 70

C. Education influences employment opportunities and income, which in turn affect health

Question 71

When conducting an economic evaluation of a healthcare intervention, what is the primary consideration in determining whether the intervention is cost-effective?
A. The cost-effectiveness threshold or willingness-to-pay threshold for a unit of health outcome
B. The total cost of the healthcare intervention compared to the budget allocated
C. The average cost per patient of the healthcare intervention
D. The level of public support for the healthcare intervention
E. The duration of the healthcare intervention and its impact on patient quality of life

Answer 71

A. The cost-effectiveness threshold or willingness-to-pay threshold for a unit of health outcome (Correct Answer)

Question 72

What is the primary limitation of using the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) approach in healthcare evaluation?
A. It does not consider the monetary value of healthcare outcomes
B. It does not provide information about the cost-effectiveness of interventions
C. It relies on subjective judgments to assign monetary values to healthcare benefits
D. It cannot compare the costs of different healthcare interventions

Answer 72

C. It relies on subjective judgments to assign monetary values to healthcare benefits (Correct Answer)

Question 73

How does education impact the social determinants of health?
A. Higher education leads to better health outcomes due to increased access to medical care
B. Education has no significant impact on health
C. Education influences employment opportunities and income, which in turn affect health
D. Education directly impacts genetics and inherited health conditions

Answer 73

C. Education influences employment opportunities and income, which in turn affect health (Correct Answer)

Question 74

What is the role of public health administrators in responding to public health emergencies?
A. They do not have a role in emergency response.
B. They coordinate and manage response efforts to protect public health.
C. They provide primary care to affected individuals.
D. They perform surgical procedures in emergency situations.

Answer 74

B. They coordinate and manage response efforts to protect public health. (Correct Answer)

Question 75

In health financing, what is the role of a co-payment?
A. It is the portion of healthcare costs that the insured person pays at each healthcare visit or for each service received
B. It is the total amount paid by insurance companies for healthcare services
C. It is the amount paid by the government to cover healthcare costs
D. It is the percentage of healthcare costs covered by the insurance policy
E. It is the fixed amount deducted from a healthcare provider’s fees by the insurance company

Answer 75

A. It is the portion of healthcare costs that the insured person pays at each healthcare visit or for each service received (Correct Answer)

Question 75

The “Botika ng Barangay” program in the Philippines aims to:
A. Promote local handcrafts and products
B. Develop recreational areas within barangays
C. Train healthcare workers for overseas employment
D. Establish community-based pharmacies providing affordable medicines

Answer 75

D. Establish community-based pharmacies providing affordable medicines (Correct Answer)

Question 76

Under the Magna Carta for Public Health Workers, what is the minimum number of years of service required for public health workers to be entitled to gratuity pay upon retirement?
A. 10 years
B. 15 years
C. 5 years
D. 20 years

Answer 76

B. 15 years

Question 77

Which term refers to the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) in a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)?
A. The ratio of healthcare providers to patients
B. The additional cost incurred for each additional unit of health outcome gained by the intervention
C. The total cost of the healthcare intervention
D. The average cost per patient in the study population

Answer 77

B. The additional cost incurred for each additional unit of health outcome gained by the intervention (Correct Answer)

Question 78

Which term refers to a system where healthcare providers are paid a fixed amount for each patient regardless of the actual services provided?
A. Premium
B. Fee-for-service
C. Deductible
D. Capitation

Answer 78

D. Capitation (Correct Answer)

Question 79

Maria, a 60-year-old woman living in a rural area, is diagnosed with a chronic medical condition that requires regular medication and specialist consultations. However, she has limited financial resources. What government program in the Philippines can help Maria access healthcare services?
A. Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA)
B. PhilHealth’s Z Benefit Package
C. Social Security System (SSS)
D. Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps)

Answer 79

B. PhilHealth’s Z Benefit Package (Correct Answer)

Question 80

How does income level relate to the social determinants of health?
A. Higher income is always associated with better health outcomes
B. Lower income is often associated with limited access to healthcare and poorer health outcomes
C. Income level is not a significant factor in health disparities
D. Income has no impact on an individual’s health

Answer 80

B. Lower income is often associated with limited access to healthcare and poorer health outcomes (Correct Answer)

Question 81

What is one of the key uses of the revenue generated from sin taxes in the Philippines?
A. Supporting the tobacco and alcohol industries
B. Subsidizing the cost of tobacco and alcohol production
C. Providing healthcare services to marginalized populations
D. Funding sports and entertainment events

Answer 81

C. Providing healthcare services to marginalized populations (Correct Answer)

Question 82

How does public health administration contribute to disease prevention and health promotion?
A. By developing and implementing public health policies and programs
B. By providing medical treatment to individuals
C. By collecting surveillance data
D. By conducting health education and promotion activities

Answer 82

A. By developing and implementing public health policies and programs (Correct Answer)

Question 83

What does the term “elasticity of demand” in health economics measure?
A. The average cost per patient visit
B. The total cost of healthcare services
C. The responsiveness of healthcare supply to changes in price
D. The responsiveness of healthcare demand to changes in price

Answer 83

D. The responsiveness of healthcare demand to changes in price (Correct Answer)