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Genetics And The Evolution Of Life > Le cram > Flashcards

Le cram Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Feature of vertebrae skeleton

A

Internal and elaborate

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2
Q

What are vertebrae skeletons made of?

A

Cartilage or bone

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3
Q

Feature of vertebrate head

A

Skull

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4
Q

Defining feature of vertebrates

A

Backbone forms around notochord

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5
Q

How did jaws initially arise in vertebrates

A

Modified gill arches

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6
Q

Example of jawless fish

A

Lampreys

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7
Q

When were jawless fish diverse?

A

495-360mya

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8
Q

Early jawless fish perception

A

Electro perception

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9
Q

Early jawless fish exoskeleton

A

Bone exoskeleton in skin

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10
Q

Diet of jawless fish

A

Blood (parasitic)

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11
Q

Early defence on jawless fish

A

Dermal armour

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12
Q

Example of cartligenous fish

A

Shark

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13
Q

Reproduction of cartligenous fish

A

Sexual

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14
Q

Other name for bony fish

A

Ray finned

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15
Q

What do bony fish use for bouyancy?

A

Swim bladder

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16
Q

Why don’t cartligenous fish have a swim bladder

A

Cartilage is lighter than bone

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17
Q

Evolution of legs

A

Ray fin bones became more substantial

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18
Q

What is an early tetrapods with 8 digits

A

Acanthostega

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19
Q

When did the first amphibians appear?

A

350mya

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20
Q

Feature of amphibian eggs

A

No shell

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21
Q

Feature of shark eggs

A

Leathery covering

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22
Q

What do all amphibians need water for

A

Reproduction

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23
Q

When did mammals appear

A

190mya

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24
Q

Change of stance from reptile to mammal

A

Sprawling to erect

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25
Q

Crocodile/bony fish plane of movement

A

Horizontal/ side to side

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26
Q

Mammal/ human plane of movement

A

Vertical/ up and down

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27
Q

Where is the stress in a sprawling stance?

A

Knees

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28
Q

Where is the stress in an erect stance

A

Hope

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29
Q

Benefits of an erect stance

A

Longer legs, faster movement

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30
Q

Which structures make up the jaw point in reptiles

A

Quadrate and articular

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31
Q

What structures make up the jaw point in mammals

A

Squamosal and dentry

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32
Q

Examples of eutheria

A

Bumblebee bat, blue whale

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33
Q

Features of Eutheria gestation

A

Prolonged, fed by placenta

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34
Q

Metatheria are

A

Marsupials

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35
Q

Example of prototheria

A

Echidnas

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36
Q

Feature of prototheria

A

Lay eggs

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37
Q

What is meant by plantigrade

A

Walk on whole foot

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38
Q

What is meant digitigrade

A

Walk on toes

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39
Q

Example of non primate plantigrades

A

Elephant, cat

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40
Q

Feature of grabby hands

A

Prehensile digits

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41
Q

Example of animal that has fingernails rather than claws

A

Elephants

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42
Q

What vision type donprimates possess

A

Binocular

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43
Q

What use does binocular vision provide

A

Ability to judge distances

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44
Q

Why is a straight big toenuseful for bipedalism

A

Support and balance

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45
Q

What changes occur to the pelvis for bipedalism and what does it help

A

Short and bowl like to support the base of the spine

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46
Q

What is a pantella

A

Knee cap

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47
Q

What is the foramen magnum

A

Connection of head to spine

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48
Q

Changes to upper arms in bipedalism

A

Less robust

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49
Q

Difference in human to ape diet

A

Higher meat content and processed foods

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50
Q

Age of Australopithecus afarensis

A

3-4 my

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51
Q

Common name for homo habilis

A

Handyman

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52
Q

Earliest homosapien

A

Homo habilis

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53
Q

Brain size of homo habilis

A

600ml

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54
Q

Age of homo erectus

A

1.8-300,000 ya

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55
Q

Brain size of homo erectus

A

900-1100ml

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56
Q

What species of human began to travel the world

A

Homo erectus

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57
Q

Brain size of homo sapien

A

1300ml

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58
Q

Neanderthal age

A

130,000-30,000 years ago

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59
Q

Where were Neanderthals found

A

Europe and the Middle East

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60
Q

Chimp brain size

A

300ml

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61
Q

What type of algae are the closest relatives of land plants

A

Charophytes

62
Q

What do chraophytes share with land plants that other green algae don’t

A

Asymmetric motile flagellated cells

63
Q

5 challenges for plants living on land

A
  • water balance
  • water transport
  • gas transport
  • reproduction
  • structural support
64
Q

What is the cuticle

A

Waxy coating

65
Q

How does the cuticle help land plants

A

Prevents drying out and damage by UV

66
Q

What are the stomata

A

Small pores on the leaves that allow gas exchange regulated via guard cells

67
Q

Why don’t plants need stomata under water

A

Cuticle keeps c02 out

68
Q

What was the first adaptation plants made to live on land

A

Cuticle

69
Q

What adaption do land mosses have

A

Cuticle, stomata

70
Q

What are the vascular tissues in plants

A

Phloem and xylem

71
Q

What is the function of the phloem

A

Transport sugar

72
Q

What is the function of the xylem

A

Transport water and mineral ions

73
Q

What is the function of lignin

A

Stop xylem cells collapsing

74
Q

What features in higher plants are present in ferns but not mosses

A

Phloem, lignin, root leaves and stems

75
Q

What is secondary growth?

A

Dead dry cells provide structural support and retain vascular function

76
Q

How does secondary growth help plants live on land?

A

Greater structural support bigger and taller

77
Q

What is the dominant generation in mosses

A

Gametophyte

78
Q

Green algae life cycle

A 
Haploid Gametophyte 
             |
Diploid zygote 
             |
Haploid spores
              |
Gametophyte
79
Q

What happens in a moss lifecycle that doesn’t in green algae

A

Zygote doesn’t undergo meiosis instead undergoes mitosis into diploid sporophyte

80
Q

What is an example of sphagnum

A

Peat mosses

81
Q

Key feature of sphagnum

A

Super absorbent

82
Q

Feature of sphagnum leaves? Why are they so absorbent

A

Living photosynthetic cells, large empty hyaline cells which makes them absorbent

83
Q

What special feature do seed plants have that ferns lack?

A

Secondary growth

84
Q

Sub classes of seed plants

A

Conifers and angiosperms

85
Q

Which plants only produce one type of spore

A

Liverworts, mosses and ferns

86
Q

Where are megastores produced

A

Ovules

87
Q

What is a sporangium

A

A container

88
Q

Seeds develop from

A

Fertilised ovules

89
Q

How many functional spores are retained in the ovule

A

1

90
Q

What is an amoeba

A

Single called organism with feet

91
Q

Slime mould life cycle

A 
Spore
|
Amoeba 
|
Psuedoplasmodium
| 
Slug migration 
| 
Fruiting body
92
Q

What is a psuedoplasmodium?

A

A pile of slime mould cells

93
Q

What are mycelium

A

Network of hyphae that absorbs nutrients

94
Q

What structural elements of fungus is more similar to animals than plants

A

Cell walls made of chitin

95
Q

Where do hyphae grow, absorb and secrete?

A

Only at the tips

96
Q

What are septa

A

Partially divided cells in hyphae

97
Q

Why can fungus have such large biomass

A

Mycelium capable of indefinite growth

98
Q

Dikaryon are

A

Hyphae with two nuclei

99
Q

Where are basida found?

A

Hills of fungi

100
Q

What are fungi spores called

A

Basidiospores

101
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

Not autotrophic, uses organic carbon for growth

102
Q

What is an autotroph

A

Uses energy from the sun to produce organic compounds from co2

103
Q

What is a saprophyte

A

Lives on dead/decaying matter

104
Q

How do fungi absorb matter

A

Secrete enzyme from hyphae to break down food externally then absorb it

105
Q

What do fungi absorb that makes them good recyclers

A

Cellulose, chitin and lignin

106
Q

What are plantwalls made up of

A

Cellulose

107
Q

What are fungi walls and animal exoskeletons made of

A

Chitin

108
Q

What is the function of lignin

A

Structural support of vascular plants

109
Q

How do fungi suppress competitors

A

Antibiotics and toxins

110
Q

What is gross mutation

A

Mutations at the chromosome level

111
Q

What is a mutation that can be inherited

A

Germ line mutation

112
Q

What is the size of a gross mutation

A

4x10^6 base pairs

113
Q

What type of mutation is visible under light

A

Gross mutation

114
Q

What is reciprocal translocation

A

When one section of a chromosome swaps with another chromosome

115
Q

Types of small scale mutations

A

Single base deletion

116
Q

Types of base substitution mutations

A

Silent
Missense
Nonsense

117
Q

What molecule must be synthesised for PCR

A

Primers specific to gene of interest

118
Q

Which Protista are most closely related to animals

A

Choanoflagellates

119
Q

Which Protista are closely related to land plants

A

Green algae

120
Q

Scientific name of slime mould

A

Mycetozoa

121
Q

What is the name for green lineage G

A

Glaucophytes

122
Q

What is the name for brown lineage O

A

Oomycetes

123
Q

Name for brown lineage D

A

Diatoms

124
Q

Protist with Green lineage, not algae or land plants

A

Glaucophytes

125
Q

Protist Fungus like diet

A

Oomycetes

126
Q

Protist with two nuclei

A

Ciliates

127
Q

Monocots characteristics

A
  • single cotyledon
  • flower parts in multiples of three
  • secondary growth absent(no bark)
128
Q

Dicot characteristics

A

Two cotyledons

  • flower parts in multiples of four or five
  • secondary growth often present
129
Q

What is a blastopore

A

An opening in the archenteron(guy) during embryonic stages of an organism

Protosome- mouth
Deuterostome- anus

130
Q

What is a bivalve

A

A mollusc without radula/ or filter feeders

131
Q

What was the % extinction at the end of the Permian

A

90%

132
Q

What is polyploidy

A

Organism containing more than 2 chromosome sets(>2N)

Common in plants
Lethal in humans

133
Q

What are the stages of mitosis

A

Prophase: chromosomes condense

Metaphase: chromosomes gather in centre

Anaphase: spindle fibres contract

Telophase: membranes form around each group of chromosomes

134
Q

What is a nonsense mutation

A

Introduces a premature stop codon into mRNA which produces incomplete protein

135
Q

What is a missence mutation

A

Single nucleotide is changed to cause substitution of different amino acid

136
Q

X inactivation results in

A

Some locinon X chromosome being inactive

XIST gene expressed at high levels on inactive X

Female mosaic

137
Q

How to work out possible genotypes

A 
G = genotype
a = alleles

G= aX(a+1)/2

E.g 4 alleles

G= 4X5/2
G= 10 possible genotypes
138
Q

What is needed for hardy Weinberg equilibrium?

A
  • Random mating
  • infinite population size
  • no natural selection
  • no mutation
  • no migration
139
Q

When are gene loci linked

A

If they are more than 50mu(cM) apart

140
Q

What is the hominid family from oldest to newest

A 
1 Schelanthropus 
2 Australopithecus 
3 homo habilis
4 homo erectus
5 Homo sapiens
6 homo neanderthalis
7 homo floresiensis
141
Q

What is the Allee effect

A

A critical population level for survival
Too low not enough breeding/inbreeding

Too high food/habitat depletion and competition

142
Q

What is the endosymbiosis hypothesis

A

Eukaryotic cells absorbed prokaryotic organisms

E.g chloroplasts and mitochondria

143
Q

What evidence is there for endosymbiosis

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA

144
Q

What is a protist

A

Unicellular eukaryotes

- no common ancestor rather a common organelle

145
Q

What is a diatom

A

Unicellular phytoplankton

Have a silica cell wall

146
Q

What are some features of mosses

A

No roots

  • no vascular tissue
  • thin cuticle
  • motile gametes
147
Q

What are some features of ferns

A

Vascular tissue

  • roots
  • thick cuticle
  • motile gametes
148
Q

What are the differences between confifers and angiosperms

A

Considers are self compatible, fertilisation takes one year

Angiosperms are not, fertilisation takes 3-4 months

149
Q

Feature of angiosperms

A

Double fertilisation

Gives rise to embryo and endosperm(food/nutrients for embryo)

150
Q

What is epistasis

A

Action of one gene is modified by several other genes, eg coat colour in dogs

Ratio for dominant epistasis : 12:3:1

Ratio for recessive epistasis: 9:3:4

Genetics And The Evolution Of Life (5 decks)

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