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Gross Ana - LE3 Abdomen > LE 3 Abdomen (2021) > Flashcards

LE 3 Abdomen (2021) Flashcards

1
Q
  1. True about spleen
    A. White pulp contains blood
    B. Capsule and splenic trabeculate contain smooth muscle
    C. Spleen is gut derivative
    D. AOTA
    E. NOTA
A

B. Capsule and splenic trabeculate contain smooth muscle

Spleen – Located at the Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) of the Abdomen; 12 X 7 X3 cm; Dense CT Capsule; Trabeculae penetrate parenchyma or Splenic Pulp; No Cortex & Medulla; 2 Regions: White Pulp & Red Pulp.

Functions: Defense Against Blood-Borne Antigens; Main Site of Old Erythrocyte Destruction; Production Site of Antibodies & Activated Lymphocytes.

Splenic capsules and trabeculae with a low percentage of smooth muscle and elastic fibers cannot expand and contract and are designated as defense spleens.

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2
Q
  1. All require mesenteric support except
    A. Stomach
    B. Spleen
    C. Liver
    D. Head and body of pancreas
    E. 1st part of peritoneum
A

D. Head and body of pancreas

A. Stomach (Intra)
B. Spleen (Intra)
C. Liver (Intra)
D. Head and body of pancreas (Retro : Secondary)
E. 1st part of peritoneum (Intraperitoneal: Covering Anterolaterally)

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3
Q
  1. When the pancreas forms a complete ring surrounding the duodenum???
A

Annular pancreas

Rare Congentital Anomaly (Clinical Notes)

Annular Pancreas is an abnormal ring or collar of pancreatic tissue that encircles the duodenum (the part of the small intestine that connects to stomach).
This portion of pancreas can constrict the duodenum and block or impair the flow of food to the rest of the intestines.

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4
Q
  1. A man was thrown off his motorcycle and his left side of the body was hit against a metal railing. What organ is affected?
    A. Stomach
    B. Spleen
    C. Liver
    D. Intestines
A

B. Spleen

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5
Q
  1. Main pancreatic duct aka
    A. Dochus cholesduchos
    B. Ducts of wirsung
    C. Ducts of Santorini
    D. Sphincter of oddi
    E. Major duodenal papilla
A

B. Ducts of wirsung

A. Dochus cholesduchos : ???
B. Ducts of wirsung: Major Pancreatic Duct
C. Ducts of Santorini: Accessory/Minor Pancreatic Duct
D. Sphincter of oddi: w/ Major Duodenal Papilla
E. Major duodenal papilla

Notes:
Ampulla – Dilated portion of a canal or duct;
Papilla – Small nipple-like process (Projection, Protuberance);
Sphincter – Circular band of muscle that encircles an orifice.

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6
Q
  1. Branches of celiac artery/trunk, EXCEPT
    A. Right gastric
    B. Splenic
    C. Left Gastric
    D. Common hepatic
    E. NOTA
A

A. Right gastric

Branches of Celiac Trunk:

Left Gastric, Splenic, Common Hepatic;

Splenic → Short Gastric, Left Gastroepiploic.

Common Hepatic → Gastroduodenal, Right Gastric, Proper Hepatic.
* Gastroduodenal → Right Gastro-epiploic, Superior Pancreatico-Duodenal.

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7
Q
  1. Which of the following is a midgut derivative?
    A. Upper duodenum
    B. Lower duodenum
    C. Pancreas
    D. Bile ducts
A

B. Lower duodenum

Midgut Derivatives:
o Small Intestine (Lower Half of the Descending part of the Duodenum).
o Cecum, Vermiform Appendix, Ascending Colon, & the Right Half (2/3) of the Transverse Colon.

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8
Q
  1. True statement regarding the gut tube derivatives
    A. Divided according to lymph flow
    B. Foregut derivatives are supplied by the inferior mesenteric
    C. Midgut is supplied by the superior mesenteric
    D. Hindgut is supplied by the celiac artery
A

C. Midgut is supplied by the superior mesenteric

Foregut : Celiac Trunk (Common hepatic, Splenic, Left Gastric)

Midgut: Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA).
▪ Branches of SMA: Inferior Pancreatico-Duodenal, Jejunal-Ileal, Ileo-Colic, Right Colic & Middle Colic.

Hindgut: Inferior Mesenteric Artery (IMA).
▪ Branches of IMA: Left Colic, Sigmoid, Superior Rectal.

*Note:

▪ Part of Foregut & Midgut: Descending (2nd) Part of the Duodenum – Supplied by Superior & Inferior Pancreatico-Duodenal Artery.

▪ Part of Midgut & Hindgut: Transverse Colon – Supplied by Right, Middle, & Left Colic Arteries.

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9
Q
  1. Which of the following organs becomes secondary retroperitoneal due to the development of gut mesenteries
    A. Ascending colon
    B. Thoracic esophagus
    C. Rectum
    D. Sigmoid colon
A

A. Ascending colon

A. Ascending colon (Retro : Secondary)
B. Thoracic esophagus (Intra)
C. Rectum (Depending on location)
D. Sigmoid colon (Intra)

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10
Q
  1. Level of esophageal hiatus
    A. T8 B. T10 C. T12 D. T6
A

B. T10

I8 10 EGGS AT12

Caval Foramen (Inferior Vena Cava) = T8

Esophageal Hiatus (Ant/Post. Vagal Trunk, Esophagus, Esophageal branch of the Left Gastric vessels) = T10

Aortic Hiatus (Descending Aorta, Azygos Vein, Thoracic Duct, Intercostal Lymph Trunks) = T12

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11
Q
  1. A musculous fibrous band of smooth muscle from 3rd and 4th parts of duodenum
    A. Falciform ligaments
    B. Hepatoduodenal ligament
    D. Ligament of treitz
A

D. Ligament of treitz

Ascending Part (4th) of the Duodenum:

  • Suspensory Muscle of Duodenum; Ligament of Treitz;
  • With Plicae Circulares (Valvulae Conniventes);
  • Duodenojejunal Flexure.
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12
Q
  1. Longitudinal folds found at the internal surface of the duodenum
    A. Haustra
    B. Plicae Circularis
    C. Appendicis Epiploicae
    D. Taenia
A

B. Plicae Circularis

A. Haustra (Large Intestine)
B. Plicae Circularis
C. Appendicis Epiploicae (Large Intestine)
D. Taenia (Large Intestine)

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13
Q
  1. Portion of duodenum that secretes hormone from pancreas and gallbladder
A

Second portion

Plicae Circulares (Valvulae Conniventes) – Produces Cholecystokinin.
* Cholecystokinin – Produced when eating; Detected by gallbladder; Signals it to release bile; With Pancreatic enzymes from Wirsung, results to Digestion.
* Found in D2-D4

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14
Q
  1. Common Bile duct and Major Pancreatic Duct join to form?
    A. Cisterna Chyli
    B. Hepatic duct
    C. Ampulla of Vater
    D. Cystic duct
A

C. Ampulla of Vater

Hepatopancreatic Ampulla of Vater – Upon meeting of CBD & Major Pancreatic Duct of Wirsung;
o Opens at 2nd part of duodenum (Major Duodenal Papilla).

*Note:
Ampulla – Dilated portion of a canal or duct;
Papilla – Small nipple-like process (Projection, Protuberance);
Sphincter – Circular band of muscle that encircles an orifice.

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15
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT a distinguishable factor of large intestine?
    A. Plicae circulares
    B. Taenia
    C. Haustra
    D. Appendices epiploicae
A

A. Plicae circulares

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16
Q
  1. The most common position of appendix
    A. Anterior to terminal ileum
    B. Posterior to terminal ileum
    C. Pelvic
    D. Retrocecal
A

D. Retrocecal

Vermiform Appendix (Positions)

  • Retrocecal (Most Common),
  • Pelvic,
  • Pre-Ileal (Anterior to Ileum),
  • Post-Ileal (Posterior to Ileum),
  • Subsecal (Inferior to Cecum).
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17
Q
  1. The base of the appendix usually lies at the junction medial 1/3 of the line joining the asis and umbilicus called the.
    C. Mc Burney’s
    D. Boa’s
A

C. Mc Burney’s

The base of the appendix is constant and usually lies deep at the
junction of the lateral and middle 1/3 of the line joining the ASIS
and the umbilicus (McBurney’s point) – point of reference used
for uncomplicated appendicitis

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18
Q
  1. Part of colon which is associated with the greater omentum and inferior border of pancreas
    A. Ascending colon
    B. Transverse colon
    C. Descending colon
    D. Sigmoid colon
A

B. Transverse colon

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19
Q
  1. Demarcates opening of ileum to cecum
    A. Ileocecal valve
    B. Ligament of treitz
A

A. Ileocecal valve

IIeocecal Juncture –
The ileum terminates by entering the cecum posteromedially with some variations:
Ileal Papilla & Ileocecal Valve.

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20
Q
  1. Which of the following is a branch of superior mesenteric artery?
    A. Ileocolic artery
    B. Left colic artery
    C. Sigmoid artery
A

A. Ileocolic artery

Branches of the SMA:
* Pancreaticoduodenal Artery,
* Jejunal & Ileal Branches (Arterial Arcades),
* Ileocolic Artery,
* Right Colic Artery,
* Middle Colic Artery.

Branches of the IMA:
* Left Colic Artery,
* Sigmoidal Arteries,
* Rectosigmoid Arteries,
* Superior Hemorrhoidal (Rectal) Artery.

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21
Q
  1. Hepatomegaly or liver enlargement
    A. Magenblase is displaced to the right
    B. Hepatic flexure is pushed inferiorly
    C. Right hemidiaphragm becomes much higher than usual, as compared to the left
    D. Stomach is deflected to the left
A

C. Right hemidiaphragm becomes much higher than usual, as compared to the left

An enlarged liver is one that’s bigger than normal.

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22
Q
  1. This surface landmark forms the **lateral border of the rectus abdominis muscle **
    A. Lina alba
    B. Linea semilunaris
    C.Transverse groove
    D. None of the above
A

B. Linea semilunaris

Hesselbach’s Inguinal Triangle:
* Lateral Border: Inferior Epigastric Vessels.
* Medial Border: Lateral Border of Rectus Abdominis (Spingelian Line, Linea Semilunaris).
* Inferior Border: Inguinal Ligament of Poupart.

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23
Q
  1. Triangular and smallest of the anterior abdominal muscle
    A. External oblique
    B. Internal oblique
    C. Transverse abdominis
    D. Rectus abdominis
    E. Pyramidalis
A

E. Pyramidalis

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24
Q
  1. Spermatic cord contains the ff Except.
    a. testicular artery
    b. ductus deferens
    c. cremasteric artery
    d. pampiniform plexus
    e. none of the choices are an exception
A

e. none of the choices are an exception

Contents of Spermatic Cord:

  • Vas Deferens/ Ductus Deferens
  • Pampiniform venous plexus
  • Testicular Vessels
  • Autonomic sensory nerve plexus around testicular artery
  • Cremasteric Muscle/ Artery
  • Ilioinguinal Nerve (L1)
  • Genitofemoral Nerve (L2)
  • Deferential artery from inferior vesical artery
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25
Q
  1. The porta hepatis contains the following except:
    A. Hepatic vein
    B. Hepatic artery
    C. Portal vein
    D. Hepatic duct
A

A. Hepatic vein

Hepatoduodenal Ligament – Portal Triad: CBD, Hepatic Artery, Portal Vein.

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26
Q
  1. Portal vein is formed by the union of
    A. Imv & smv
    B. Smv & splenic vein
    C. Splenic vein & imv
    D. Smv & left gastric
    E. Imv & right gastric
A

B. Smv & splenic vein

Portal System

Small intestines → Intestinal Veins → Superior Mesenteric Veins → Joins the Splenic Vein to Form Portal Vein → Liver.

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27
Q
  1. The common bile duct and major pancreatic duct open through duodenum in what hole?
A

major duodenal papilla

Ampulla of Vater – Dilation; Meeting point of CBD & Main Pancreatic Duct of Wirsung.

  • Major Duodenal Papilla – Nipple-like projection of Vater to medial wall of 2nd part of duodenum; With Sphincter (Sphincter of Oddi).
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28
Q
  1. Functional division of liver in which both sides have its own supply of artery, veins and biliary duct. The left side has
    A. Left lobe
    B. Left lobe and caudate lobe
    C. Left lobe and quadrate lobe
    D. Left lobe, caudate and quadrate lobe
    E. Caudate and quadrate lobe
A

D. Left lobe, caudate and quadrate lobe

  • Right Portal Fissure – 7 & 6 from the rest of the liver.
  • Mid (Main) Portal Fissure – Functional Right & Left.
  • Left Portal Fissure – 1 (Caudate lobe), 2, 3, 4
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29
Q
  1. The right kidney is lower than the left kidney because of right hemidiaphragm.

True or False

A

FALSE (liver)

The kidneys are located between the transverse processes of T12-L3 vertebrae, with the **left kidney typically positioned slightly more superiorly than the right. This is because the liver and the stomach offset **the symmetry of the abdomen, with the liver forcing the right kidney a bit down, and the stomach forcing the left kidney a bit up.

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30
Q
  1. From anterior to posterior, the arrangement of structure the renal sinus is renal artery, renal veins then renal pelvis

True or False

A

FALSE (VEIN, ARTERY, PELVIS)

VAD

Renal Vein, Renal Artery, Duct (Renal Pelvis)

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31
Q
  1. The posterior relations of the left and right kidney are mainly muscular.

True or False

A

TRUE (NAMELY PSOAS)

Psoas Major (Medial) -> Quadratus Lumborum (Middle) -> Transversus Abdominis (Lateral)

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32
Q
  1. The inferior pole of the right kidney is just one fingerbreadth superior to the anterior superior iliac spine
A

TRUE

One fingerbreadth = 2-2.5 cm

The transpyloric plane passes through the superior pole of the right kidney, which is approximately 2.5 cm lower than the left pole, probably due to the presence of the liver

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33
Q
  1. The left kidney is in the stomach bed

True or False

A

TRUE

RIGHT KIDNEY
● Superior Pole: Inferior Surface of Liver
● Inferiorly: Descending Part of Duodenum passes Hilum
● Right Colic Flexure: Lateral Border and Inferior Pole

LEFT KIDNEY
● Suprarenal Gland (located at the top of superior pole of both left and
right kidney )
● Stomach
● Spleen
● Pancreas
● Jejunum
● Descending Colon
● Lies in Stomach Bed

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34
Q
  1. The left suprarenal is semi lunar in shape

True or False

A

TRUE

Shapes:
Left suprarenal gland: Semilunar / Cresentric
Right suprarenal gland: Pyramidal

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35
Q
  1. Right suprarenal is pyramidal in shape.

True or False

A

TRUE

Shapes:
Left suprarenal gland: Semilunar / Cresentric
Right suprarenal gland: Pyramidal

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36
Q
  1. A person can still function normally even if only one kidney.

True or False

A

TRUE

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37
Q
  1. What organ is Anteriorly related to both kidneys
    A. Duodenum
    B. Jejunum
    C. Colon
    D. Liver
    E. Pancreas
A

C. Colon

Duodenum: N/A
Jejunum: Medial (Anterior Surface)
Colon: Lateral (Anterior Surface) : Hepatic and Splenic Flexure
Liver: N/A
Pancreas: Center (Anterior Surface)

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38
Q
  1. Afferents from biliary tree, stomach, gallbladder, and upper duodenum travel along the greater splanchnic nerve at what spinal level?
    A. C3-C5
    B. L1-L2
    C.T5-T9
    D.T10-T11
A

C.T5-T9

Thoracic Sympathetic Trunks – Continuous with Cervical & Lumbar Sympathetic Trunks.

Gives off paired thoracic splanchnic nerves:
o Great Splanchnic: From T5-T9 Vertebral Levels.
o Lesser Splanchnic: From T10-T11 Vertebral Levels.
o Least Splanchnic: From T12 Vertebral Level.

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39
Q
  1. This surface landmark forms the lateral border of the rectus abdominis muscle:
    a. linea alba
    b. linea semilunaris
    c. transverse grooves
    d. inguinal groove
A

b. linea semilunaris

Hesselbach’s Inguinal Triangle:

Lateral Border: Inferior Epigastric Vessels.
Medial Border: Lateral Border of Rectus Abdominis (Spingelian Line, Linea Semilunaris).
Inferior Border: Inguinal Ligament of Poupart.

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40
Q
  1. Upon opening the abdomen inferior to the umbilicus, the first layer of superficial fascia encountered is:
    a. Colle’s fascia
    b. Camper’s fascia
    c. Scarpa’s fascia
    d. fascia latae
A

b. Camper’s fascia

Skin -> Superficial Fascia -> Deep Fascia -> Muscles -> Transversalis Fascia > Extraperitoneal Fascia -> Parietal Peritoneum

Superficial Fascia (2 Layers);
o Camper’s Fascia – *Fatty Layer;
o Scarpa’s Fascia – Membranous layer after Camper’s fascia.
o Anterior Cutaneous Nerves (Dermatome) *Referred Pain – Pain received at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus or origin.

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41
Q
  1. This flat muscle forms the inguinal ligament inferiorly.
    a. external oblique
    b. internal oblique
    c. transversus abdominis
    d. rectus abdominis
    e. pyramidalis
A

a. external oblique

Inguinal Ligament of Poupart:
* The rolled-under inferior margin of the aponeurosis of the External Oblique Muscle
* Attached laterally to the ASIS and curves downward and medially, to be attached to the pubic tubercle

42
Q
  1. This muscle becomes aponeurotic distally and “splits” to form a sheath for the rectus abdominis.
    a. external oblique
    b. internal oblique
    c. transversus abdominis
    d. rectus abdominis
    e. pyramidalis
A

b. internal oblique

Rectus Sheath:
Formed by the aponeurosis of the 3 Flat Abdominal Muscles: EO, IO, TA.
Anterior Rectus Sheath – Made up of entire External Oblique Aponeurosis + Anterior ½ of Internal Oblique Aponeurosis; Covers the anterior surface of rectus abdominis.
Posterior Rectus Sheath – Made up of Posterior ½ of Internal Oblique Aponeurosis + Transversus Abdominis Aponeurosis

43
Q
  1. Formed by the lateral and medial crura of the external oblique aponeurosis:.
    a. superficial inguinal ring
    b. pectineal ligament
    c. inguinal ligament
    d. conjoint tendon
    e. lacunar ligament
A

a. superficial inguinal ring

Superficial inguinal ring (External Oblique Aponeurosis)

Aponeurotic crura of external oblique
* Lateral Crus = attaches to pubic tubercle
* Medial Crus = inserts at pubic crest
* ->occurs within the Hesselbach’s Triangle

Femoral Sheath – Funnel shape extension of transversalis fascia; Opens in the abdomen but closes upon the vessels.

Compartments:
o Lateral: Femoral Artery & Genitofemoral Nerve.
o Intermediate: Femoral Vein.
o Medial: Femoral Canal (Femoral Ring) – Lymphatics & LN – Nodes of Cloquet.

Boundaries:
o Anterior: Inguinal Ligament of Poupart.
o Posterior: Pectineal Ligament of Cooper.
o Medial: Lacunar Ligament of Gibernant - Continuation of inguinal ligament posterior.
o Lateral: Femoral Vein.

44
Q
  1. Remnant of the embryonic urachus.
    a. falciform ligament
    b. ligamentum teres
    c. lateral umbilical fold
    d. medial umbilical fold
    e. median umbilical fold
A

e. median umbilical fold

✓ Median Umbilical Ligament (Obliterated Urachus) – Covered internally by median umbilical fold; False Ligament.

✓ Medial Umbilical Ligament (Obliterated Umbilical Artery) – Covered by medial umbilical fold.

✓ Lateral Umbilical Fold – Contains the inferior epigastric vessels.

o Umbilical Folds – Peritoneal folds overlying the umbilical ligaments & inferior epigastric vessels; Parietal Peritoneum; Median Umbilical Fold, Medial Umbilical Fold, Lateral Umbilical Fold.

45
Q
  1. The spermatic cord contains the following structures, EXCEPT:
    a. testicular artery
    b. ductus deferens
    c. cremasteric artery
    d. pampiniform plexus
    e. none of the choices are an exception
A

e. none of the choices are an exception

Contents of Spermatic Cord:

  • Vas Deferens/ Ductus Deferens
  • Pampiniform venous plexus
  • Testicular Vessels
  • Autonomic sensory nerve plexus around testicular artery
  • Cremasteric Muscle/ Artery
  • Ilioinguinal Nerve (L1)
  • Genitofemoral Nerve (L2)
  • Deferential artery from inferior vesical artery
46
Q
  1. The esophageal hiatus transmits the following structures, EXCEPT.
    a. anterior vagal trunk
    b. esophagus
    c. posterior vagal trunk
    d. esophageal branch of the left gastric vessels
    e. none of the choices are exceptions
A

e. none of the choices are exceptions

Caval Foramen (Inferior Vena Cava) = T8

Esophageal Hiatus (Ant/Post. Vagal Trunk, Esophagus, Esophageal branch of the Left Gastric vessels) = T10

Aortic Hiatus (Descending Aorta, Azygos Vein, Thoracic Duct, Intercostal Lymph Trunks) = T12

47
Q
  1. To which organ is the greater omentum attached?
    a. Liver
    b. transverse colon
    c. spleen
    d. pancreas
    e. gallbladder
A

b. transverse colon

Omentum – Always attached to the stomach; Stomach to other viscera.

Lesser Omentum – 2 layers; Attached to the lesser curvature of the stomach, Duodenum & Esophagus to the Liver.

Greater Omentum – 4 Layers; Attached to the greater curvature of the stomach; Also attached to the Taena Coli of the Transverse Colon.

48
Q
  1. This opening connects the omental bursa to the peritoneal cavity:.
    a. paracolic gutters
    b. gallbladder fossa
    c. subphrenic recess
    d. foramen of Winslow
    e. foramen of Morgagni
A

d. foramen of Winslow

Divisions of the Peritoneal Cavity:
* Greater Peritoneal Cavity (Greater Sac),
* Lesser Peritoneal Cavity (Lesser Sac, Omental Bursa).

Greater Peritoneal Cavity (Greater Sac) – Large portion of the peritoneal cavity; Divided into: Supracolic (Stomach, Liver, Spleen) & Infracolic (SI & LI).

Lesser Peritoneal Cavity (Lesser Sac, Omental Bursa) – Posterior to the stomach & lesser omentum;
Connected to the greater cavity by: Epiploic Foramen of Winslow.

Boundaries of the Foramen of Winslow:
▪ Anterior: Hepatoduodenal Ligament – Portal Triad: CBD, Portal Vein, Hepatic Artery. ▪ Posterior: Inferior Vena Cava (IVC).
▪ Superior: Caudate Lobe of the Liver.
▪ Inferior: Duodenal Bulb (1st Part of the Duodenum).

49
Q
  1. The porta hepatis contains the following, EXCEPT:.
    a. hepatic vein
    b. heaptic artery
    c. bile duct
    d. portal vein
A

a. hepatic vein

Hepatoduodenal Ligament – Portal Triad: CBD, Portal Vein, Hepatic Artery.

50
Q
  1. This structure ‘grossly’ divides the liver into two lobes:.
    a. triangular ligament
    b. falciform ligament
    c. gallbladder fossa
    d. coronary ligament
A

b. falciform ligament

Anatomical Divisions:
▪ Formed by the Falciform Ligament & Ligamentum Venosum (Where they bisect the liver).

**Ligaments of the LIVER

▪ Falciform Ligament – True ligament.
▪ Right & Left Coronary Ligament – Medially located; Both connected to the liver to the diaphragm.
▪ Right & Left Triangular Ligament – Laterally located; Both connected to the liver to the diaphragm.
▪ Ligamentum Teres – False ligament; Adult Fate of the Umbilical Vein.

51
Q
  1. Provides the majority of blood supply to the liver:.
    a. hepatic artery
    b. hepatic vein
    c. portal vein
    d. cystic artery
A

c. portal vein

Blood Supply: Hepatic Artery, Portal Vein.
* Hepatic Artery (30%) – Oxygenated Blood (Nutrient Poor); Metabolic Function.
* Portal Vein (70%) – Less Oxygenated Blood (Nutrient Rich); Venous blood; From union of SMV & Splenic Vein (At the level of L2); Ascends superiorly with hepatic artery & CBD towards liver fissure and divides into Right and left portal veins; Can be utilized in the absence of the hepatic artery.

52
Q
  1. After giving off the gastroduodenal artery, the common hepatic artery now becomes the:
    a. right and left hepatic artery
    b. cystic artery
    c. superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
    d. hepatic artery proper
A

d. hepatic artery proper

Branches of Celiac Trunk: Left Gastric, Splenic, Common Hepatic;

Splenic → Short Gastric, Left Gastroepiploic.

Common Hepatic → Gastroduodenal, Right Gastric, Proper Hepatic.
o Gastroduodenal → Right Gastro-epiploic, Superior Pancreatico-Duodenal

53
Q
  1. The portal vein is formed by the union of the:
    a. inferior and superior mesenteric veins
    b. superior mesenteric and splenic veins
    c. splenic and inferior mesenteric veins
    d. superior mesenteric and left gastric veins
    e. inferior mesenteric and right gastric veins
A

b. superior mesenteric and splenic veins

Portal System:

Small intestines → Intestinal Veins → Superior Mesenteric Veins → Joins the Splenic Vein to Form Portal Vein → Liver.

54
Q
  1. The ‘triangle of Calot’ is a good surgical landmark in locating this structure:
    a. common bile duct
    b. portal vein
    c. gallbladder
    d. cystic artery
    e. portal triad
A

d. cystic artery

Triangle of Calot (Cystohepatic/Hepatobillary Triangle):

o Boundaries:
▪ Inferior/ Lateral: Cystic Duct.
▪ Medial: Common Hepatic Duct (CHD).
▪ Superior: Inferior Surface of the Liver.

Contains the following vessels:
Cystic Artery, Cystic LN, Lymph from Gallbladder, 1-2 Small Cystic Veins,
Autonomic Nerves to the Gallbladder, Loose Adipose Tissues.

55
Q
  1. The common bile duct and major pancreatic duct opens into the duodenum through the:
    a. hepatopancreatic ampulla
    b. sphincter of Oddi
    c. major duodenal papilla
    d. minor duodenal papilla
A

c. major duodenal papilla

Major Duodenal Papilla – Nipple-like projection of Vater to medial wall of 2nd part of duodenum; With Sphincter (Sphincter of Oddi).

56
Q
  1. This structure attaches the liver to the diaphragm along the lateral edges:.
    a. falciform ligament
    b. coronary ligament
    c. triangular ligament
    d. hepatogastric ligament
    e. hepatoduodenal ligament
A

c. triangular ligament

Ligaments of the LIVER

▪ Falciform Ligament – True ligament.
▪ Right & Left Coronary Ligament – Medially located; Both connected to the liver to the diaphragm.
▪ Right & Left Triangular Ligament – Laterally located; Both connected to the liver to the diaphragm.
▪ Ligamentum Teres – False ligament; Adult Fate of the Umbilical Vein.

57
Q
  1. Union of the common bile duct with the pancreatic duct forms the:.
    a. choledochal sphincter
    b. major duodenal papilla
    c. accessory pancreatic duct
    d. hepatopancreatic ampulla
    e. minor duodenal papilla
A

d. hepatopancreatic ampulla

Ampulla of Vater – Dilation; Meeting point of Common Bile Duct & Main Pancreatic Duct of Wirsung.

58
Q
  1. If you were to divide the liver “functionally”, each lobe would have its own blood supply, venous and biliary drainage. In this set-up the left side would include the following lobe/s:
    a. left lobe only
    b. left and caudate lobes
    c. left and quadrate lobes
    d. left, caudate, quadrate lobes
    e. caudate and quadrate lobes
A

d. left, caudate, quadrate lobes

  • Right Portal Fissure – 7 & 6 from the rest of the liver.
  • Mid (Main) Portal Fissure – Functional Right & Left.
  • Left Portal Fissure – 1 (Caudate lobe), 2, 3, 4
59
Q
  1. Which statement about the stomach is CORRECT?
    a. Acid secretion occurs in response to secretion of the hormone, carbonic anhydrase
    b. Glands called Peyer’s patches are responsible for acid secretion
    c. The vagus nerve inhibits acid secretion after a meal has been consumed
    d. Pepsinogen and gastric lipase are 2 enzymes secreted into the lumen of the stomach
A

d. Pepsinogen and gastric lipase are 2 enzymes secreted into the lumen of the stomach

60
Q
  1. Which of the following functions is most important for survival immediately after a meal?.
    a. Absorption and retention of water and electrolytes
    b. Elimination of toxins
    c. Maintenance of barrier function
    d. Extraction of maximum value from nutrients
A

a. Absorption and retention of water and electrolytes

61
Q
  1. Water transport can occur from the intestinal lumen to the blood stream or the reverse. Which statement about this is CORRECT?
    a. A “flip-flop” mechanism efficiently transports water directly across the enterocyte membrane
    b. Water flows into the gut from the mucosa, during digestion of starch and protein, in order to reduce luminal osmolality
    c. Water is mostly absorbed by movement between the cells lining the guy via tight junctions
    d. Dietary intake of water is always greater than water movement in the small intestine
A

b. Water flows into the gut from the mucosa, during digestion of starch and protein, in order to reduce luminal osmolality

62
Q
  1. What does the celiac trunk supply?
    a. STOMACH
    b. ILEUM
    c. JEJUNUM
    d. APPENDIX
A

a. STOMACH

Foregut Derivatives: (Supplied by Celiac Trunk)
o Esophagus & Stomach.
o Duodenum (Proximal to the Opening of the Bile Duct).
o Liver, Biliary Apparatus (Hepatic Ducts, Gallbladder, & Bile Duct), & Pancreas.
o *Note: Spleen – Organ Supplied by Celiac Artery but not a Foregut Derivative; Hematopoietic & Lymphoid Organ → Mesoderm in Origin.

Midgut Derivatives: (Supplied by SMA)
o Small Intestine (Including Most of the Duodenum).
o Cecum, Vermiform Appendix, Ascending Colon, & the Right Half (2/3) of the Transverse Colon.

Hindgut Derivatives: (Supplied by IMA)
o Left Half (1/3 to ½) of the Transverse Colon.
o Descending Colon & Sigmoid Colon.
o Rectum & Superior Part of the Anal Canal.

▪ Part of Foregut & Midgut: Descending (2nd) Part of the Duodenum – Supplied by Superior &
Inferior Pancreatico-Duodenal Artery. ▪ Part of Midgut & Hindgut: Transverse Colon – Supplied by Right, Middle, & Left Colic Arteries.

63
Q
  1. What level is referred pain of the hindgut derivatives felt?
    a. T4
    b. T7
    c. T10
    d. L1
A

d. L1

Skin -> Superficial Fascia -> Deep Fascia -> Muscles -> Transversalis Fascia > Extraperitoneal Fascia -> Parietal Peritoneum

Superficial Fascia (2 Layers);
o Camper’s Fascia – *Fatty Layer;
o Scarpa’s Fascia – Membranous layer after Camper’s fascia.
o Anterior Cutaneous Nerves (Dermatome) *Referred Pain – Pain received at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus or origin.

Pain originating within the** descending colon** is referred to the L1-L2 dermatomes of the inguinal region and thigh.

Hindgut Derivatives: (Supplied by IMA)
o Left Half (1/3 to ½) of the Transverse Colon.
**o Descending Colon & Sigmoid Colon. **
o Rectum & Superior Part of the Anal Canal.

64
Q
  1. What does the angular incisure (notch) of the stomach indicate?
    a. The junction between the distal esophagus and stomach
    b. The junction of the body and pyloric part of the stomach
    c. The area closest to the esophageal hiatus
    d. The area defined by the pyloric sphincter
A

b. The junction of the body and pyloric part of the stomach

Parts of the Stomach: Fundus, Body, Pylorus, Rugae.

o Fundus – Dome-shaped, left to the cardiac notch & cardiac orifice.

**o Body – Start from the Cardiac Notch up to the (Ends) Incisura Angularis (Angular Notch).
**
o Pylorus – Most tubular part of the stomach.
▪ Pyloric Antrum – Dilated triangular area directly below the Angular Notch.
▪ Pyloric Canal – Narrow portion.
▪ Pyloric Sphincter – Controls outflow of chime.

o Rugae – Mucous membrane, Stomach folds; Flattens when stomach is distended (Full)

65
Q
  1. What is true regarding gastric canals?
    a. they are ridges formed by rugae
    b. The junction of the body and pyloric part of the stomach
    c. Form temporarily during swallowing between gastric folds along the lesser curvature
    d. The area where the esophageal veins are found
A

c. Form temporarily during swallowing between gastric folds along the lesser curvature

Gastric Rugae
– Mucous membrane, Stomach folds; Flattens when stomach is distended (Full).
- gastric canal (furrow) forms temporarily during swallowing between longitudinal gastric folds of the mucosa along the lesser curvature.

Muscular Layers of the Stomach (3): Innermost Oblique, Middle Circular – Thickest in sphincter, Outermost Longitudinal.

66
Q
  1. What forms when the splenic vein unites with the superior mesenteric vein?
    a. portal vein
    b. gastroepiploic vein
    c. short gastric
    d. left gastric
A

a. portal vein

Portal System

Small intestines → Intestinal Veins → Superior Mesenteric Veins → Joins the Splenic Vein to Form Portal Vein → Liver.

67
Q
  1. What is responsible for supporting the duodenal junction?
    a. mesoduodenum
    b. ligament of Treitz
    c. mesentery
    d. retroperitoneal position
A

b. ligament of Treitz

Ascending Part (4th) of the Duodenum:

  • Suspensory Muscle of Duodenum; Ligament of Treitz;
  • With Plicae Circulares (Valvulae Conniventes);
  • Duodenojejunal Flexure.
68
Q
  1. Fibrous median structure between two rectus abdominis muscles.
    a. arcuate line
    b. external oblique aponeurosis
    c. linea alba
    d. linea semilunaris
A

c. linea alba

Aponeurosis: wide sheath of fibrous tissue

Linea Alba – Fusion of the aponeurosis of the right and left flat abdominal muscles.

Semilunar Line:
* At the side of the rectus abdominis; The union of the aponeuroses of the 3 lateral flat muscles; From the semilunar line, the aponeurosis will form:

o Anterior Rectus Sheath – Made up of entire External Oblique Aponeurosis + Anterior ½ of Internal Oblique Aponeurosis; Covers the anterior surface of rectus abdominis.
o Tendinous Intersection – Attaches firmly the anterior wall of the rectus sheath to the anterior surface of rectus muscle.
o Posterior Rectus Sheath – Made up of Posterior ½ of Internal Oblique Aponeurosis + Transversus Abdominis Aponeurosis.

Arcuate Line:
* Located midway between the pubic symphysis and the umbilicus; The inferior limit of the posterior rectus sheath; Where the inferior epigastric vessels enter the rectus sheat

69
Q
  1. At what vertebral level is the trans-umbilical plane located?
    a. T7-T8
    b. T9-T10
    c. L1-L2
    d. L3-L4
A

d. L3-L4

Subcostal Plane : L3
Transpyloric Plane : L1
Transumbilical Plane: L3-L4
Transtubercular Plane: L5
Midclavicular/ Midinguinal Line: Midpoint between ASIS and Pubic Tubercle

70
Q
  1. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the blood supply of the pancreas?.
    a. Pancreas receives blood supply from coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery
    b. Body and tail of pancreas is supplied by splenic artery
    c. Posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery
    d. All major pancreatic arteries lie posterior to pancreatic ducts
A

c. Posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery

  • Blood Supply of the Duodenum:
    o Superior Pancreaticoduodenal Artery (Branch of Gastroduodenal Artery) – Upper Half.
    o Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal Artery (Branch of SMA) – Lower half.
    o *Supraduodenal Artery & Retroduodenal Artery (Branch of Gastroduodenal Artery).
  • Venous Drainage of the Duodenum (2):
    o Superior Pancreaticoduodenal Vein – Drains into Portal Vein.
    o Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal Vein – Drains into SMV.
    o *Note: SMV + Splenic Vein → Portal Vein
71
Q
  1. Which statement is TRUE about pancreatic embryonic malformations?.
    a. Pancreas divisum can be a cause of gastrointestinal bleeding
    b. Heterotopic pancreatic tissue predisposes to pancreatic adenocarcinoma
    c. Annular pancreas may cause GIT obstruction
    d. Relative obstruction to the flow of pancreatic juice through the minor papilla is not a cause of pancreatitis in patients with pancreas divisum
A

c. Annular pancreas may cause GIT obstruction

Annular Pancreas –
* Probably results from the growth of a bifid ventral pancreatic bud around the duodenum, parts then fuse with the dorsal bud forming a pancreatic ring
* Anomaly produces complete obstruction (Atresia) or partial obstruction (Stenosis) of the duodenum.

72
Q
  1. Radiation of the pain to the mid or lower back region in pancreatic cancer may indicate spread to?
    a. SPLANCHNIC NERVE PLEXUS
    b. LIVER
    c. COLON
    d. ABDOMINAL CAVITY
A

a. SPLANCHNIC NERVE PLEXUS

Cancer of the Head of the Pancreas – Can compress the CBD, causing Jaundice

Innervation: vagus nerve (parasympathetic), greater and lesser splanchnic nerves (sympathetic).

73
Q
  1. As the functional anatomy of the spleen is divided into red pulp, white pulp, and marginal zone, what function is incorporated into the anatomy of the cortical zone that relates to infection control?
    a. Filtration of red cells, encapsulated bacteria, and other foreign material
    b. Red pulp for formation of red cells
    c. White pulp for its role in formation of granulocytes
    d. Gray areas, so formed because of the production of platelets
A

a. Filtration of red cells, encapsulated bacteria, and other foreign material

Functions:
* To remove particulates (Opsonized bacteria, Antibody-coated cells) from the bloodstream
* Serves as quality control mechanism for RBC’s (Removing senecent and Poorly deformed cells from the circulation)
* Immunity
* Splenic Macrophage (Graveyard of RBCs)
* Prevents sepsis

Red Pulp – Filters blood; Removes affected erythrocytes; Recycles hemoglobin iron.
White pulp - B-Lymphocytes

74
Q
  1. Hemolytic anemia is indication for splenectomy in this disease.
    a. Felty’s syndrome
    b. Warm-antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia
    c. G6PD deficiency
    d. Hereditary spherocytosis
A

d. Hereditary spherocytosis

Hemolytic anemia (Hereditary):

Membrane Abnormalities
* Spherocytosis
* G6PD Deficiency

Hemoglobin Disorders (Hgb S -> Sickle Cell Anemia )

75
Q
  1. Haustra is characteristic of.
    a. duodenum
    b. ileum
    c. jejunum
    d. colon
A

d. colon

76
Q
  1. Which is a midgut derivative?.
    a. ascending colon
    b. distal 1/3 of the transverse colon
    c. urogenital sinus
    d. sigmoid colon
A

a. ascending colon

Midgut Derivatives:
o Small Intestine (Lower Half of the Descending part of the Duodenum).
o Cecum, Vermiform Appendix, Ascending Colon, & the Right Half (2/3) of the Transverse Colon.

77
Q
  1. Which of the following is considered secondarily retroperitoneal?.
    a. Cecum
    b. descending colon
    c. appendix
    d. sigmoid colon
A

b. descending colon

78
Q
  1. Which statement regarding the suprarenal glands is correct?
    a. its entire arterial supply is directly from the abdominal aorta
    b. veins from both glands drain directly into the inferior vena cava
    c. the glands are located in the pararenal space
    d. cells that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine are innervated by preganglionic fibers from the greater splanchnic nerve
A

d. cells that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine are innervated by preganglionic fibers from the greater splanchnic nerve

Zona Glomerulosa/Fasciculata/Reticularis

79
Q
  1. The inferior pole of the left kidney is covered by what structure?
    a. Ileum
    b. jejunum
    c. spleen
    d. stomach
A

b. jejunum

80
Q
  1. Which statement about the kidneys is true?
    A. The inferior suprarenal artery is supplied by the renal artery
    B. The left suprarenal gland is pyramidal in shape
    C. The left suprarenal vein drains directly into the IVC
A

A. The inferior suprarenal artery is supplied by the renal artery

Arterial Supply
* Inferior phrenic artery -> Superior suprarenal artery
* Abdominal Aorta -> Middle suprarenal artery
* Renal Artery -> Inferior suprarenal artery

Venous Supply
* L/R adrenal glands -> L/R suprarenal veins
* Left suprarenal vein -> Renal vein -> IVC
* Right suprarenal vein -> IVC

81
Q
  1. The superior half of the anterolateral surface of the left kidney is covered by.
    a. The descending colon
    b. The left colic flexure
    c. The retroperitoneal pancreas
    d. the spleen
A

d. the spleen

82
Q
  1. Which is the correct renal artery pathway?
    a. Arcuate to interlobar to Efferent arterioles
    b. Arcuate to Interlobular to segmental arterioles
    c. Interlobar to Arcuate to Interlobular
    d. Segmental to Interlobular to Arcuate
A

d. Segmental to Interlobular to Arcuate

83
Q
  1. The superior suprarenal artery arises from which artery?
    a. abdominal aorta
    b. iliohypogastric artery
    c. inferior phrenic artery
    d. renal artery
A

c. inferior phrenic artery

Arterial Supply
* Inferior phrenic artery -> Superior suprarenal artery
* Abdominal Aorta -> Middle suprarenal artery
* Renal Artery -> Inferior suprarenal artery

Venous Supply
* L/R adrenal glands -> L/R suprarenal veins
* Left suprarenal vein -> Renal vein -> IVC
* Right suprarenal vein -> IVC

84
Q
  1. Psoas major is in contact with which aspect of the kidneys?
    a. anterior
    b. lateral
    c. medial
    d. posterior
A

d. posterior

Posterior Surface of Kidneys
-Diaphragm
-Psoas Major
-Quadratus Lumborum
-Transversus Abdominis

85
Q

47.A renal papilla will drain urine into which structure?
a. major calyx
b. minor calyx
c. pyramid
d. renal pelvis

A

b. minor calyx

Renal Papilla -> Minor Calyces -> Major Calyces -> Renal Pelvis -> Ureter

86
Q
  1. What is the most anterior structure at the renal hilum?
    a. renal artery
    b. renal pelvis
    c. renal vein
    d. renal pyramid
A

c. renal vein

VAD

87
Q
  1. Which statement regarding the kidneys is true?
    a. In the supine position, the kidneys are found between T10 to L2 vertebral levels
    b. The anterolateral surface of the left kidney is in contact with the left colic flexure superiorly
    c. The inferior anteromedial surface of the right kidney is associated with the right colic flexure
    d. The left kidney is more superior, longer, broader and closer to the midline than the right kidney
A

d. The left kidney is more superior, longer, broader and closer to the midline than the right kidney

88
Q
  1. What is the most common position of the tip of the appendix?
    a. Pelvic
    b. retrocecal
    c. paracecal
    d. pre-ileal
A

b. retrocecal

89
Q
  1. A 35-year old executive was sent to the emergency room due to vomiting of bright red blood. His vital signs are as follows: BP 100/60, heart rate 98 RR 24. He has a history of peptic ulcer disease. He had an esophagogastroduodenoscopy showing bleeding duodenal ulcer. The vessel involved in this condition belongs to which type of artery?
    A. Superior mesenteric artery
    B. Left gastric artery
    C.Common hepatic artery
A

B. Left gastric artery

90
Q
  1. What type of hernia lies lateral to the inferior epigastric
    A. Direct Hernia
    B. Indirect Hernia
    C.Pantaloon Hernia
    D.Richter’s Hernia
A

B. Indirect Hernia

Pantaloon hernia (or “Saddlebag” hernia) is defined as any combination of two adjacent hernia sacs of the femoral or inguinal region (direct or indirect inguinal hernias (alternative plural: herniae)) on the same side.

Richter hernia occurs when the anti-mesenteric wall of the intestine protrudes, causing strangulation without obstruction

Direct Hernia – Inside the Hesselbach’s Triangle; Medial to inferior epigastric vessels.

Indirect Hernia – Outside Hesselbach’s Triangle, with Spermatic cord; Lateral to inferior epigastric vessels.

Femoral Hernia – In the femoral canal wherein lymphatics are located; More common in females.

91
Q
  1. The superficial or external inguinal ring is an opening of layer:
    A. Skin
    B. External oblique
    C.Transversalis fascia
    D.Internal oblique
A

B. External oblique

Structures Related to External Oblique (2):

Inguinal Ligament of Poupart: The rolled-under inferior margin of the aponeurosis of the External Oblique Muscle
Attached laterally to the ASIS and curves downward and medially, to be attached
to the pubic tubercle

External/ Superficial Inguinal Ligament – A triangular- shaped defect in the external oblique aponeurosis lies immediately above and medial to the pubic tubercle;
The Spermatic Cord (In Men)/ Round Ligament of the Uterus (In Women) passes through this opening.

92
Q
  1. True of jejunum
    A. Short plicae curcularis
    B. Thinner walls
    C. Mesentery has less fat
    D. Abundance of peyer’s patches
A

C. Mesentery has less fat

93
Q
  1. Esophageal hiatus is found at what vertebral
    level
    A. T5
    B.T8
    C.T10
    D.T12
A

C.T10

I 8 10 EGGS AT 12

Caval Foramen (Inferior Vena Cava) = T8

Esophageal Hiatus (Ant/Post. Vagal Trunk, Esophagus, Esophageal branch of the Left Gastric vessels) = T10

Aortic Hiatus (Descending Aorta, Azygos Vein, Thoracic Duct, Intercostal Lymph Trunks) = T12

94
Q
  1. The ligament that extend from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle and forms the lower lateral border of the abdomen is the
    A. Lacunar
    B. Pectineal
    C. Ilioinguinal
    D. Inguinal
A

D. Inguinal

Structures Related to External Oblique (2):

Inguinal Ligament of Poupart: The rolled-under inferior margin of the aponeurosis of the External Oblique Muscle
Attached laterally to the** ASIS** and curves downward and medially, to be attached
to the** pubic tubercle**

External/ Superficial Inguinal Ligament – A triangular- shaped defect in the external oblique aponeurosis lies immediately above and medial to the pubic tubercle;
The Spermatic Cord (In Men)/ Round Ligament of the Uterus (In Women) passes through this opening.

Boundaries of the FEMORAL SHEATH

o Anterior: Inguinal Ligament of Poupart.
o Posterior: Pectineal Ligament of Cooper.
o Medial: Lacunar Ligament of Gibernant - Continuation of inguinal ligament posterior.
o Lateral: Femoral Vein.

95
Q
  1. Which of the following is retroperitoneal
    A. Spleen
    B.Transverse colon
    C. Descending colon
    D. Sigmoid colon
A

C. Descending colon

A. Spleen (Intra)
B.Transverse colon (Intra)
C. Descending colon (Retro : Secondary)
D. Sigmoid colon (Intra)

96
Q
  1. The porta hepatis transmits all of the following EXCEPT:
    A. Hepatic Duct
    B.Hepatic Artery
    C.Portal vein
    D.Hepatic Vein
A

D.Hepatic Vein

Hepatoduodenal Ligament – Portal Triad: CBD, Hepatic Artery, Portal Vein.

97
Q
  1. The blood vessel that supplies most of the small intestine
    A. Celiac artery
    B.Gastroduodenal artery
    C.Superior mesenteric artery
    D.Inferior mesenteric artery
A

C.Superior mesenteric artery

Branches of the SMA:
* Pancreaticoduodenal Artery,
* Jejunal & Ileal Branches (Arterial Arcades),
* Ileocolic Artery,
* Right Colic Artery,
* Middle Colic Artery.

o Pancreaticoduodenal Artery – Divides into the anterior & posterior branches of the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery; Supply the Descending & Inferior Portion of the Duodenum as well as the Head of the Pancreas.
o Jejunal & Ileal Branches – Provide abundant collateral circulation to the peritoneal portion of the pancreas.
o Ileocolic Artery – Termina lbranch of the SMA; Its branches include the Anterior & Posterior Cecal Artery, Appendicular Artery, Ascending Colic Artery, & the Ileal Branches.
o Right Colic Artery – Frequently missing; Supplies the Ascending Colon with great variation.
o Middle Colic Artery – Supplies the Transverse Colon.

98
Q
  1. Umbilical folds are created peritoneum
    A. Falciform ligament
    B. Inferior epigastric artery
    C. Obliterated umbilical artery
    D.Urachus
A

C. Obliterated umbilical artery

Anterior Abdominal Wall Internal View:
* Transversalis Fascia; * Preperitoneal Fat; * Parietal Peritoneum – Shiny portion.

✓ Median Umbilical Ligament (Obliterated Urachus) – Covered internally by median umbilical fold; False Ligament.

✓ Medial Umbilical Ligament (Obliterated Umbilical Artery) – Covered by medial umbilical fold.

✓ Lateral Umbilical Fold – Contains the inferior epigastric vessels.

o Umbilical Folds – Peritoneal folds overlying the umbilical ligaments & inferior epigastric vessels; Parietal Peritoneum; Median Umbilical Fold, Medial Umbilical Fold, Lateral Umbilical Fold.

99
Q
  1. True of embryology of the stomach
    A. At 28 days, the gut tube dilates into a fusiform structure
    B. Ventral border grows faster that dorsal
    C. Rotation at 56 days causes the stomach to curve around causing the cranial region to move to the right and superiorly.
    D. All of the above
    E. None of the above
A

A. At 28 days, the gut tube dilates into a fusiform structure

100
Q
  1. What is the primary organ of respiration?
A

Diaphragm

Gross Ana - LE3 Abdomen (2 decks)

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