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Bio 132 > [LE 03] Endoderm > Flashcards

[LE 03] Endoderm Flashcards

1
Q

roles of the endoderm

A
  • instruct formation of the notochord, heart, blood vessels, and mesodermal germ layer
  • construct digestive and respiratory tubes
  • form the epithelium of tonsils, thyroid gland, thymus, and parathyroid gland
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2
Q

t or f: endoderm construct the digestive and respiratory tubes

A

t

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3
Q

t or f: mesodermal layer has instructions for endoderm development

A

t

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4
Q

t or f: before the digestive tube becomes a tube, it must undergo embryonic folding

A

t

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5
Q

embryonic folding in the horizontal plane results to what structures?

A

lateral body folds

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6
Q

embryonic folding in the median plane results to what structures?

A

cranial and caudal folds

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7
Q

t or f: the endoderm is responsible for the formation of the gastrointestinal tract

A

t

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8
Q

primitive gut tube differentiates into these parts

A
  • foregut
  • midgut
  • hindgut
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9
Q

the foregut is temporarily closed by what structure?

A

oropharyngeal membrane

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10
Q

the oropharyngeal membrane ruptures to form what srtucture?

A

mouth

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11
Q

stalk connection to the yolk sac formed during embryonic folding

A

vitelline duct

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12
Q

hindgut is temporarily closed by what structure?

A

cloacal membrane

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13
Q

cloacal membrane ruptures to form what structure?

A

cloacal and anal openings

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14
Q

t or f: the foregut only gives rise to the pharynx and lungs

A

f; also gives rise to the cranial parts of the digestive canal:
- esophagus
- stomach
- duodenum
- liver
- gall bladder
- pancreas

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15
Q

the midgut gives rise to what structures?

A

middle parts of the digestive canal:
- duodenum
- jejunum
- caecum
- ascending colon
- transversing colon

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16
Q

the hindgut gives rise to what structures?

A
  • allantois
  • urogenital sinus
  • transversing colon
  • descending colon
  • rectum
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17
Q

t or f: endodermal cells will develop into progenitor cells of the
lungs even without Bmp

A

f; needs even a small amount of BMP (it is a gradient)

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18
Q

gradient of signals needed in the endoderm and gut tube patterning

A

BMPs, FGFs, Wnts

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19
Q

Loss of Nodal will result to failure in endoderm specification

A

t

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20
Q

signal present for endoderm specification

A

nodal

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21
Q

signals present for mesoderm specification

A

BMP and FGF

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22
Q

this signal is expressed if endoderm is differentiated

A

Sox17

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23
Q

AFG becomes?

A

lung and thyroid

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24
Q

PFG becomes?

A

hepatoblast and pancreas

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25
MG-HG becomes?
intestine
26
most posterior signals in endoderm and gut tube patterning
BMPs, FGFs, Wnts
27
what structures create the pharyngeal arches?
pharyngeal grooves
28
signals responsible for the formation of the pouches
Fgf8/3 from ectoderm and mesoderm
29
t or f: signals for the endoderm progenitor fates are higher in the anterior axis
f; higher in the posterior axis
30
t or f: Fgf8/3 is responsible for outpocketing and thus formation of glands
t
31
signal that specifies the pouches and arch formed
RA
32
t or f: pouch 1 to 4 have decreasing RA gradient
f; increasing
33
t or f: pouch 4 to 1 have decreasing RA gradient
t
34
enzymes that create RAs
RALDH
35
enzymes that degrade RAs
CYP
36
t or f: pouch 4 has the highest amount of RA
t
37
t or f: the esophagus does not undergo much modification
t
38
t or f: the esophagus becomes highly muscular
t
39
why is the esophagus highly muscular?
for peristalsis
40
t or f: the development of a gut part from the endoderm is affected by BMP, Wnt, and Fgf
f; RA, Wnt, and Fgf
41
t or f: gut regionalization is due to the interaction of somatic mesoderm and the surrounding endoderm
f; splanchnic mesoderm
42
signals from the mesoderm that represses foregut identity
Wnt, Fgf4, RA
43
t or f: with the presence of Wnt, Fgf4, and RA, foregut can form
f; these signals must be inhibited
44
t or f: if wnt-antagonists are present, there will be no formation of MG and HG
t
45
t or f: if wnt is present, the foregut can form
f
46
signals for gut regionalization is from the endoderm
f; from the mesoderm
47
t or f: Sox17 is necessary for gut specification but not endoderm specification
f
48
t or f: the surrounding mesenchyme specifies the type of gut formed
t
49
a signal secreted by mesenchyme cells which inhibits Wnt to form the stomach epithelium
Barx1
50
proproliferation signal in the intestinal crypt
Wnt2b
51
prodifferentiation signal in the intestinal crypt
BMP4
52
function of the intestinal crypt
for replenishing the villi
53
t or f: the stomach is identified from the esophagus through Gata4 expression
54
t or f: the stomach epithelium is made up of one cell type.
f
55
56
t or f: the proliferation and differentiation signals are expressed at the same region in the intestinal crypt
f
57
parietal cells secretion
HCl
58
chief cells secretion
digestive enzymes
59
pit cells secretion
mucus
60
t or f: the forestomach has glands
f
61
t or f: different cells/ tissues have different signaling that takes care of morphogenesis
t
62
signals in stomach patterning that allows the foregut to develop
noggin and sox2
63
signal in the corpus gland unit
Gata4
64
Gata4 is activated by what signal
BMP
65
transcription factor in the chief cells
MIST1
66
tf in the pit cells
FOXQ1
67
signals for stomach patterning that are inhibitory to each other
sox2/cdx2
68

Bio 132 (5 decks)

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