LDDC - Property Led Regeneration

Question 1

Causes of inner city decline - COUNTERURBANISATION

Answer 1

Lost 1million 1961-1981

WW2&raquo_space; clearance of slums/bomb damaged areas
New towns e.g. Basildon 30-50km away

Most still commuted
Selective migration = ethnic left in inner city

Question 2

Causes of inner city decline - DEINDUSTRIALISATION

Answer 2

1980s

UK more expensive than Asia:

• cheaper workforce
• cheaper imported goods

= UNEMPLOYMENT
Until 60s 33% worked in manufacturing

Question 3

Margaret Thatcher “post industrial” economy…

Answer 3

Knowledge economy’
- expertise/management/consultancy sectors e.g. Banking and Finance

Tourism
- growing due to...
•affluence
•cheaper air travel
•car ownership

Question 4

Causes of inner city decline - DOCKS CLOSING

Answer 4

1981

Until 70s biggest dock in UK
More than 10,000 dockworkers
Felixstowe (70 miles away) replaced

• more than 12,000 jobs lost
• some parts E London >60% adult male unemployment
• dereliction

Question 5

Causes of inner city decline

Answer 5

Counter urbanisation

De-industrialisation

Docks closing

Question 6

Impacts of decline

Answer 6

Unemployment and poverty

Poor housing

Derelict land

Inadequate road/public transport

Rundown community facilities

Multiple deprivation

Question 7

Impacts -

UNEMPLOYMENT AND POVERTY

Answer 7

Poor working conditions

Uncertainty for dockers

1981 male unemployment 2 x national average

Question 8

Impacts -

POOR HOUSING

Answer 8

Most local authority

1981 1/3 classed totally unsatisfactory for human habitation

Question 9

Impacts -

DERELICT LAND

Answer 9

Docks/industries abandoned

1981 6km2 vacant + derelict land

Question 10

Impacts -

RUNDOWN COMMUNITY FACILITIES

Answer 10

Hospitals/schools/welfare with shrinking catchment

Question 11

Impacts - MULTIPLE DEPRIVATION

Answer 11

1981 Hackney most deprived

• 2nd highest overcrowded area
• 3rd highest conc. immigrants
• low incomes
• high crime

Question 12

Criticisms of UDCs

Answer 12

Too dependent on property speculation; lost money on land that lost value

Greater power > local authorities; no local involvement

Question 13

Key players

Answer 13

Landowners

Designers/developers

Investors

Locals

Central government

Question 14

Economic improvements

Answer 14

Enterprise Zone (low tax/lax planning restrictions) 1982-1992

1998;

• 27,000 businesses
• +$7.7billion private investment
• 85,000 jobs

Canary Wharf major businesses e.g. HSBC/Barclays

Docklands Light Railway (1987) cut journey times to less than 20 mins to C London

Question 15

Social improvements

Answer 15

24,000 new houses

Including 6250 housing association/local authority

New public face with e.g. Sailing/water sports centre

5 new health centres + existing refurbished

New schools built/improved

Question 16

Environmental improvements

Answer 16

Docks refurbished = more pleasant for locals

Outdoor spaces:
•ecology park Bow Creek
•wildfowl sanctuary E India Dock

Question 17

Positives

Answer 17

Population doubled since 1980

Increase employment

Reached Alpha++ world ranking

Improved environment/image

Question 18

Negatives

Answer 18

Locals struggled with new jobs (Canning Town 2.5km away from Canary Wharf)
- one of poorest areas

Social wedge between new Eastenders and locals

Multiple deprivation still
- Life Expectancy falls 9 years from one part of London to another

Houses prices beyond reach of locals