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Language, Culture, and Communication > LCC Midterm > Flashcards

LCC Midterm Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Properties of human language

A

-All humans have language
-All languages are structured & systematic
-Languages are structured of symbols that can be broken down into elements (syntax, verb)

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2
Q

Most crucial part of human language?

A

biological basis- bipedalism, the way our mouth is structured

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3
Q

What does creativity mean with language?

A

all languages could create new sentences

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4
Q

what is universal grammar?

A

everybody is born with the capacity to understand the ways that sentences and languages are built

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5
Q

What is infinite productivity?

A

When a person can add to sentences

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6
Q

What is displacement?

A

being able to talk about things across time and space

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7
Q

What is anthropocentric?

A

human centered

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8
Q

What is communicative competence?

A

how effective you are at getting the whole point across

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9
Q

5 basic components of language

A

Phenology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics

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10
Q

Phenology

A

sounds

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11
Q

morphology

A

the building blocks of words

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12
Q

syntax

A

the ways that different words are put together

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13
Q

semantics

A

meaning of language

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14
Q

semantics example

A

people have different definitions of the weekend based on when their days off are

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15
Q

pragmatics

A

the use/performance/practice of using language

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16
Q

four subfields of anthropology

A

cultural, linguistic, biological, archaeology

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17
Q

Anthropologist uses what approach

A

holistic

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18
Q

holistic approach is…

A

all elements are important

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19
Q

Anthropology is empirically based so…

A

all the data is available and replicable

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20
Q

What is culture?

A

the set of ideas, beliefs, values, and practices, remaining the same over an extended period of time that are shared by a relatively concentrated geographic area and learned through interactions with other member of that group

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21
Q

Cultural relativism

A

the idea that each culture must be understood on its own terms; every culture is an equally (no culture is better)

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22
Q

ethnocentrism

A

judging others and other cultures by the standards and values of your own culture rather than attempting to understand

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23
Q

anthropology uses…

A

theory
methods
analysis

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24
Q

research questions

A

more open-ended and flexible

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25
Q

participant observation

A

participating in the social life of the people and building rapport

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26
Q

rapport

A

building a sense of trust and a relationship

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27
Q

field notes can be…

A

writing
drawing
pictures
recordings

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28
Q

ethnography

A

writing about the culture. It organizes the experience of research

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29
Q

IRB

A

International review board
they make sure all studies are ethical before they get publishes

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30
Q

Elicitation

A

the process of learning a language by learning the body parts, colors, numbers

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31
Q

multifunctionality

A

humans accomplish a variety of things with language

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32
Q

6 function of language

A

expressive (addressee)
conative (reception)
referential function
poetic function
phatic function
metalinguistic function

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33
Q

Expressive (addressee) function

A

express the feelings/intentions of speaker

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34
Q

conative (reception) function

A

create feelings in addressee/hearer

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35
Q

referential function

A

basic communication of information, ‘just the facts’

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36
Q

poetic function

A

style of communication

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37
Q

poetic function example

A

sarcastic tone, volume of voice

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38
Q

phatic function

A

signaling or “keeping the channel open” - so an exchange between 2 people

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39
Q

metalinguistic function

A

language about language, clarifying

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40
Q

multimodality

A

humans create meaning in interaction through multiple channels or modalities, including speech, gesture, eye gaze, facial expression, movement, text, objects, and semiotic forms

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41
Q

semiotic forms

A

other ways of transmitting or representing meaning through symbols and other things

42
Q

semiotics

A

study of signs and sign systems

43
Q

signs and sign systems

A

some kind of unit, material or immaterial, that can ‘stand in for’ or represent something else

44
Q

language is tied to…

A

concepts

45
Q

signifier

A

sign

46
Q

signified

A

thing the sign stands for

47
Q

model is dyadic

A

always only 2 parts, signifier and signified

48
Q

linguistic sign

A

meaningful combination of sounds (or letters)

49
Q

linguistic sign links the…

A

concept and the sound pattern

50
Q

arbitrary nature of the sign

A

no specific reason for any particular sound that is linked to a concept (or signifier to be signified)

51
Q

resprentament

A

form the sign takes

52
Q

Interpretation

A

how the sign is understood

53
Q

object

A

the referent, what the sign is standing in for

54
Q

3 types of representments

A

symbol
icon
index

55
Q

symbol

A

a thing that stands in for another thing by habit
most conventional

56
Q

icon

A

sign that stands in for something based on perceived resemblance/similarity

57
Q

index

A

sign that refers to or points towards its object

58
Q

index example

A

a professor speaking in academic language shows that she is highly educated

59
Q

signs can be both…

A

indexical and iconic

60
Q

whorfs hypothesis

A

language influences the way one thinks about reality

61
Q

linguistic-relativity

A

mutually influential relationship between language thought and culture

62
Q

who wrote “the reaction of habitual thought and behavior to language”

A

Whorf

63
Q

linguistic determinism

A

language determines or defines thought culture

64
Q

simple nativism

A

all major properties of language are innate, distinct languages are just variations on the same mental model

65
Q

Do syntax and morphology occur in all languages?

A

Yes, but they do not occur the same way in every language

66
Q

3 main strands of influence are?

A

-language in general
-language structure
-language structure-semantic categories

67
Q

language and theory of mind

A

-attribute mental states to other people
- we start to understand that people interpret things differently

68
Q

language structure example

A

pronouns

69
Q

spatialization

A

we arrange things from left to right because that’s how we read things

70
Q

linguistic determinism

A

the language you speak determines your thoughts

71
Q

language acquisition

A

the development of linguistic skills from birth to adulthood

72
Q

There can be no language without…

A

human interaction

73
Q

language socialization

A

the process of becoming socialized or uncultured into the norms or behaviors of a particular cultural group and their uses of language and other signs

74
Q

prelinguistic stage

A

birth-6 months
Start to repetitively make syllables, might ‘play’ with variation, might also begin to recreate intonation contours

75
Q

first words/ one word stage

A

1 year to 1.5 years- 2 years
“Holophrastic”
begins to attach to sounds to words
Start to ‘solidify’ the sounds in their specific context

76
Q

holophrastic

A

one word can stand in for a sentence

77
Q

2 year stage

A

1.5-2 years to 2-2.5 years
-Vocabulary begins to expand (generally 50 words but growing)
-Syntax and semantics start to solidify more, but still different from adults

78
Q

telegraphic stage

A

starts at 2.5 years
-More words strung together, but not typical sentence structure
-Most consonants and all vowel sounds now can occur

79
Q

rapid acquisition

A

starts about 3 years
-vocab explosion
-At this time “pattern extension” ad trying out grammatical rules most noticeable

80
Q

At what age has language been acquired

A

6

81
Q

4 theories of language

A

-Innatist theory
-Behaviorist theory
-Congnitivist theory
-Theory Theory (or active construction of a grammar theory)

82
Q

Innatist theory

A

language is hardwired in the human brian, or innate- babies are genetically encoded with built-in “core grammar” and rules make up a language acquisition device (LAD)

83
Q

Behaviorist theory

A

children need stimulus of language around them and positive feedback to develop their language abilities.Language happens with imitation and praise

84
Q

Congnitivist theory

A

-as intellectual/cognitive abilities develop, linguistic abilities follow- children have to learn conceptual ideas to understand language
-kids start to say uh oh when they understand mistakes

85
Q

Theory Theory (or active construction of a grammar theory)

A

children are observing and analyzing the world around them (tiny anthropologists) and building theories about language around them

86
Q

ways of taking

A

culturally learned strategies for deriving meaning (“taking knowledge”) from interactions, materials and signs in the world and everyday situation

87
Q

language socialization is a…

A

life long process

88
Q

basics of language socialization

A

-Acquisition of language is not taught solely by parents
-Acquisition of language does not happen in the same way around the world
-Learning a specific language system is closely connected to leaning cultural rules and becoming a competent member of society

89
Q

Ways of taking

A

culturally learned strategies for deriving meaning (taking knowledge) from interactions, materials and signs in the world, and everyday situations

90
Q

What the article “no bedtime story” means

A

In contexts where multiple cultures (or subcultures) come together, some “ways of taking” may be privileged over others

91
Q

When does socialization stop?

A

never!

92
Q

indirect communication

A

what is intended is not explicitly said, speaker avoid straightforward imperatives or requests, listeners must anticipate or “uncover” what is being said/asked

93
Q

direct communication

A

speakers explicitly communicate their intended meaning

94
Q

Communicative style

A

the way language is used and understood in a particular culture

95
Q

What type of evidence did chancy (Socialization and “communicative style”) use?

A

Transcript excerpts of recorded interactions between mother and child

96
Q

Recipient design

A

any conversation takes into account who is talking or being talked to

97
Q

Turn allocation component

A

Things that indicates its time for someone else to talk

98
Q

Turn allocation component examples

A

you know, right

99
Q

basics of conversation

A

organized structure
sequential
rule-based

100
Q

repair sequence

A

when there is a disruption to the flow of conversation and a person has to do something to get back on pace

101
Q

repair sequence example

A

laughter, “you go”

102
Q
A

Language, Culture, and Communication (4 decks)

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