Final exam LCC review Flashcards
What Is verbal art as performance?
using words as art
example: poem, acting, joking
what is performative speech/performativity?
talk that takes action or “does something” just through its utterance
what are performance cues or keys
Opens or closing, codes (latin in Catholic church) style, rhyme
example: I declare you guilty
what is the responsibility of speaker
the speaker accepts the responsibility for showing communicative competence
how does audience plays into verbal art
they do things like notes, raise hand
how do circumstances play a role in performative speech?
difference circumstances will make different speech happen
how do speaker roles affect performative speech?
They have to have authority. A person saying I pronounce you man and wife means nothing unless they legally can
performativity utterances
constative: true or false
performative: statements that do things
how does language figure into the performative nature of gender, age, race
language ideology
The attitudes, opinions, and theories, that we all have about language
what are the language ideologies held by Korean shopkeepers vs. American American customers in the Bailey “Communication of Respect in Interethnic Service Encounters?”
Why is it important that the shopkeepers and customers don’t have the same language
ideologies in the Bailey article – what effect does this have on interaction?
Bailey reading
What is restraint politeness?
holding back and not getting in someones way
What is involvement politeness?
Trying to engage in someone and build a relationship
What is accommodation
A person bends themselves to try to help another person
What was the main idea in Basso’s “To Give Up on Words: Silence in Western Apache
Culture”?
silence is part of interaction, language ideology encompasses how speakers/interaction participants think and feel about silence.
What is silence to the apache?
silence is part of interaction, language ideology encompasses how speakers/interaction participants think and feel about silence. Silence has a meaning- silence was used for courting
What was the main idea in Strand’s “Winning the Dialect Popularity Contest” article?
What is notable about the language ideologies in Norway? How does it differ from the U.S.?
What are some of the differences in language ideologies and perspectives on language use between younger and older generations in Norway?
mass media played a role in the development of the dominant language and norms
What does it mean to say “gender is encoded in language”?
many languages are built based on gender like fem and masculine forms of words and grammar
What is the anthropological perspective on whether universal differences exist in how different genders use language?
Linguistic anthropologists do not believe that there are universal differences between genders in language use. You should be looking at how gender influences language and vice versa
What do linguistic anthropologists think the correct approach to examining language and gender would be?
focus on data not opinions
According to Cameron, why is women’s language policed and criticized so much?
its sexism because there tulle isnt a difference in how men and women speak
What is the main point of interest that Hall finds in Hijras’ language use, and why is it
important?
HIjras speaking hindi intentionally and skillfully “exploit” or employ grammatical gender in ways that highlight their social gender identities and relationships
Why does Hall use the term “unnatural” gender, and why does she decide to study this? What is her main goal in examining language use by hijras?
She uses the term unnatural because it is not an official gender
What does it mean to be a Hijra
a third gender is India that acts hyper feminine/sexual in a way women can not act in that area
How do language ideologies connect with discussing language and race?
Race is another type or aspect of identity that exists in and for social organization
Why or how are accents, dialects, and ‘racialized ways of speaking’ used in films and tv?
they are used to expand a character
What is the danger of using racialized language in cartoon films according to Lippi-Green
it gives kids a language ideology
What does it mean to say a dialect or way of speaking is “racialized?
it is attached to a race
What are some of the key features of African American English that show its orderly, rule-based grammatical structure?
-double negative
-Copula deletion: omission/deletion of “to be”
(She happy)
-Present progressive: He runnin’ = he is running
-Present habitual progressive: he be runnin’ = he is usually running
-Present intensive habitual progressive: he be steady runnin’ = he is usually running in an intensive, sustained manner
-Present perfect progressive/; he been runnin’ = he has been running
-Present perfect progressive with remote -inception: he BEEN runnin’ = he has been running for a long time, and still is
What is the significance of Obama’s intentional use of different speech styles according to Alim and Smitherman?
Why do linguistic anthropologists study the speech of individual public speakers like presidents and queens?
it helps us see how speech is changing over the years and how speech changes based on location
What types of speech styles does Obama use?
he used African-American style in his eulogy
Why do linguistic anthropologists study youth?
it shows how culture change occurs through youth as they become socialized into full adult roles… but also how they creat
What is a community of practice?
loosely defined group with shared orientation to a set of identity practices
What do language practices do for members of a community of practice?
What are positive and negative identity practices?
Positive: the kinds of identity practices that say this is who we are
Negative: the identity practice that say this is who we are NOT
What does it mean to say that “Dude is a single word that can index an entire stance?”
just saying the word dude can mean many things and stand for a sentence
What is a ‘discourse marker,’ and why are they important?
a word used to segment- like, well. They are important because they organize what we say
Why is it important that dude functions in different ways and what using the word dude does overall?
What are “affordances,”
The likelihoods and limitations produced by an environment
What is “technological determinism”?
belief that technology itself can cause people to behave in certain ways or change the world
What is an “imagined community?” How does it relate to digital media?
taking public one step further, where despite not knowing all participants, you can see yourself as part of a group (nation, print media). People find imagined communities online
danah boyd argues in “It’s complicated…” that teenagers use digital media because other aspects of teenagers’ lives have changed dramatically in the past few decades. What are some of those changes that led to digital media uptake?
What are “networked publics?”
highlight publics that occur in technologically mediated spaces
What are some of the features of online literacy practices that Ahearn points out as different from either classic written texts or spoken language?
What are some of the similarities between AI/ “robot language” and human language as discussed in the linked articles for this week? What are some of the differences?
AI can create new information everytime they speak whereas humans do. Humans also have emotion
What is the idea of “dialogic speech,” and how does it relate to human language and “robot Language” of AI?
humans are always drawing on language they have heard, conversations they have had, echoing and ‘in dialogue with’ previous speech
What are some of the ways that AI can be used for anthropological research?
helps collect data faster with forums and social media and archives
About how many languages are spoken around the world?
thousands but it is hard to count
What are some of the effects of labeling a language “endangered” or “extinct,” or why is this controversial?
it makes the people from the language seem less than
What are some of the effects of language loss on speakers?
It makes them feel less connected to their culture
What are some of the most commonly spoken languages around the world, and what are some factors for why they are the most common?
English, mandarin, spanish
there are lots of people who need to speak it and it is spread across many counties
What are some of the factors that help to maintain and promote endangered languages/language preservation?
people being connected
government help
education
areas where the language can be spoken spontaneously
What is the difference between language revival and language revitalization?
Revival: working from older sources to recreate and regenerate (revive) a dead or extinct language
Revitalization: encouraging the uptake and increased use of an endangered language
What various aspects of language education relate to language preservation?
language education can revitalize a language/preserve by having immersion programs and integrating the language into schools
What is language policy?
a body of ideas, laws, regulations, rules and practices intended to achieve the planned language change in the societies, group or system
What is codeswitching?
the practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation.
What are the debates about language policy in Singapore highlighted in the article “Language Politics and the Global City,” and what suggestions for fostering inclusion and cultural diversity does the author make?
They have English as their official language as a move to become higher up but they secludes the indigenous people
Who uses Shona/English codeswitching?
Zimbabweans in mostly urban settings
What are some of the functions or effects of this codeswitching – why do people choose to do so?
-topic switch
-accommodation
-clarification
-insistence
What is a “world language,” and what are the characteristics of a world language?
a language spoken internationally and learned by many people as a second language
What are some of the
differences between the levels that McArthur classified? What reasons does McArthur give for differences in “clout”
or power of various languages?
Some of the differences are the amount of people speaking it and if the government supports.
what are some of the affordances of digital media that boyd discusses?
Persistence: content persists online
Visibility: the majority of digital media works to make seeing content (and sharing content) very easy for a vast audience
Spreadability: sharing content (even without author’s knowledge) easy and encouraged
Searchability: digital media facilitates finding more content, more quickly
