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Biology 30 > Laying Foundations in Inheritance - Genetics > Flashcards

Laying Foundations in Inheritance - Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

whats a hybrid

A

the offspring of a cross between two parent organisms with different inheritable traits

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2
Q

define co-dominance

A

occurs when two different alleles for a trait are both dominant, resulting in a situation where two alleles are fully expressed

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3
Q

what was discovered about the movement of each pair of homologous chromosomes

A

it is independent of the movement of all the other pairs of homologous chromosomes

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4
Q

what is a benefit of carrying the sickle cell trait

A

it provides resistance to malaria

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5
Q

what were some objections to suttons theory (

A
  • many scientists still believed in the blending of hereditary information as well as that the environment or events in the parents lives played the main role in determining which parental traits would be expressed in the offspring
  • lack of convincing evidence linking mendel’s factors to any cellular structure and the absence of any studies that could account for more complex inheritance patterns
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6
Q

what are different forms of genes called

A

alleles

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7
Q

whats a dominant trait

A

a trait which always appears/is expressed in an individual that is either heterozygous or homozygous for that trait

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8
Q

what does Mendel’s term ‘factor’ mean in modern terms

A

gene

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9
Q

when is sickle cell disease expressed

A

only if you have 2 sickle cell genes; if you have one sickle cell gene and one normal gene you do not have sickle cell disease but you are a carrier

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10
Q

how do you tell if the individual being tested is homozygous dominant when doing a test cross

A

all offspring will demonstrate dominant phenotypes

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11
Q

what did walter sutton discover

A

the distribution of chromosomes into developing gametes follows the pattern for two alleles of the gene, which is according to Mendel’s law of segregation; means that during gamete formation, alleles segregate just as homologous chromosomes doe

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12
Q

what are punnett squares based on

A

the principles of probability

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13
Q

who proposed the first widely accepted theory of inheritance and what was it called

A

Aristotle; pangenesis

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14
Q

who discovered sperm development in grasshoppers and in what year

A

walter sutton; 1902

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15
Q

define heterozygous

A

describes an individual with two different alleles for a trait

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16
Q

whats pangenesis

A

The theory of inheritance that egg and sperm consist of particles that come from all parts of the body which develop into the parts of the body from which they were derived upon fertilization

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17
Q

in mendels experiment with pea plants, what are the genes and alleles

A
  • the gene is the seed shape
  • the allele for round seeds is dominant to the allele for wrinkled seeds
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18
Q

what is mendel’s first law called

A

the law of segregation

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19
Q

how are different alleles symbolized

A

the first letter in the description of the dominant allele is written in upper case to represent the dominant allele; the same letter in lower case represents the recessive allele

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20
Q

what is the purpose of punnett squares

A

to be able to visually analyze the result of crosses

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21
Q

whats the law of segregation

A

all individuals have two copies of each factor. these copies separate randomly during gamete formation, and each gamete receives on copy of every factor

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22
Q

how do you represent incomplete dominance

A

you don’t use upper-case and lower-case letters but instead represent the alleles with all upper-case letters that have subscripts to denote the alleles that are used

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23
Q

what is incomplete dominance

A

a condition in which neither of two alleles for the same gene can completely conceal the presence of the other

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24
Q

whats a dihybrid cross

A

a cross of two individuals that differ in two trait

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25
what is mendels second law called
the law of independent assortment
26
define heterozygous advantage
when heterozygous individuals have an advantage over homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive individuals
27
how did Mendel start his experiments
by crossing true breeding plants for each characteristic with true breeding plants having the opposite characteristic
28
when do genes separate
in meiosis
29
what is the law of independent assortment
the two alleles for one gene segregate/assort independently of the alleles for other genes during gamete formation
30
what did Mendel call the offspring of the first filial generation and how is it notated
the second filial generation (F2)
31
what generalizations did Mendel infer from his experiments (5)
- discrete factors (genes) determine individual traits - each individual organism has two copies of each factor - when gametes are formed, the copies of the factors segregate so that each gamete receives on copy of each factor - eggs and sperm fuse randomly - the embryo that develops into a new individual has two copies of each factor, one from each parent
32
how do you tell if the individual being tested is heterozygous when doing a test cross
some of the offspring will demonstrate recessive traits
33
what happens when F1 plants produce gametes
the alleles segregate randomly and each gamete only receives one allele, with an equal chance that any gamete will receive the dominant or recessive allele
34
what is a monohybrid cross
a cross of two individuals that differ in one trait
35
whats true breeding
organism that are homozygous for a particular trait or set of traits and produce offspring that exhibit the same characteristics generation after generation
36
what did Mendel call the true-breeding plants and how is it notated
the parental generation (P)
37
define homozygous
describes an individual with two identical alleles for a triat
38
define genotype
the combination of alleles for any given trait
39
what was the path to the resolution of the objections to suttons theory
laboratory studies using fruit flies at Columbia University
40
define incomplete dominance
a condition in which neither of two alleles for the same gene can completely conceal
41
what did Mendel's main experiment involve
peat plant crosses to follow the transmissions of one or two traits at a time
42
define complete dominance
a condition in which the dominant allele of a gene completely conceals the presence of the recessive allele of a gene
43
whats an example of a dihybrid cross
when Mendel crossed true breeding tall plants that had green pods with true breeding short plants that had yellow pods which produced an F1 generation of plants that were all heterozygous for both traits and an F2 generation that produced plants with the phenotypes of tall with green pods, tall with yellow pods, short with green pods, and short with yellow pods in a ratio of 9:3:3:1
44
what did Mendel call the offspring of the parental generation and how is it notated
the first filial generation (F1)
45
define phenotype
the visible physical and physiological traits of an organism
46
define homologous chromosomes
pairs of chromosomes within the same cell that have the same genes in the same order, but may have different versions of those genes (alleles)
47
whats an example of incomplete dominance
when a cross between a true-breeding red-flowered plant and a true-breeding white-flowered plant produces offspring with pink flowers
48
whats a recessive trait
a trait which does not appear/is not expressed in an individual that is heterozygous for that trait/is masked by a dominant trait
49
when is a test cross used
when geneticists want to know if a phenotypically dominant individual is homozygous or heterozygous
50
who laid the foundation for the science of inheritance
Gregor Mendel
51
what are two conditions in humans that are examples of incomplete dominance
sickle cell anemia and hypercholesterolemia
52
who created the punnett square
reginald punnett
53
what is selective breeding
The process of choosing and breeding specific organisms for particular physical features or behaviors
54
what is the chromosome theory of inheritance
theory proposed by Walter Sutton that genes are carried on chromosomes
55
how do you get a blue roan horse
when the base coat is black
56
between what years did Mendel perform his experiments
between 1856 and 1863
57
what phenotype ratio does a dihybrid cross yeild
9:3:3:1
58
what does incomplete dominance and co-dominance involve
a number of patterns that do not appear to follow the same pattern of inheritance that Mendel observed but can also be explained in terms of Mendel's laws
59
what is a test cross
cross of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual
60
what did Mendel observe regarding traits in the F1 generation
that the F1 plants showed only one of the two parental characteristics
61
what phenotype ratio does a monohybrid cross yield
3:1
62
whats an example of co-dominance
a roan horse which is a heterozygous animal where both the base colour and white are fully expressed, resulting in a mixture of hair colours (one allele is expressed in the white hairs and the other allele is expressed in the black hairs)
63
whats a ploidy
the number of chromosome sets in a cell
64
define autosome
any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
65
define haploid
a cell that contains a single set of chromosome
66
define diploid
a cell that contains two sets of chromosomes

Biology 30 (12 decks)

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