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ESA 4 - HaDSoc > Lay Beliefs about Health and Illness > Flashcards

Lay Beliefs about Health and Illness Flashcards

1
Q

What are lay beliefs?

A

How people understand and make sense of health and illness

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2
Q

Who are lay beliefs constructed by?

A

People with no specialied knowledge

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3
Q

What is the result of lay beliefs being constructed by people with no medical knowledge?

A

Potential gaps between lay and medical concepts

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4
Q

Are lay beliefs a watered down version of medical knowledge?

A

No

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5
Q

Why are lay beliefs complex?

A

Because they draw on cultural, social, and personal knowledge and experience, and own biography

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6
Q

When may medical information be rejected?

A

It is is incompatible with competing ideas for which people consider there is good evidence

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7
Q

What is the result of the way that people interpret and accept information?

A

Means it may turn into something very different from the original message

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8
Q

What impact on behaviour may lay beliefs have?

A
  • How people manage and safeguard health
  • How people seek help
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9
Q

What do lay beliefs have an impact on?

A

Compliance/non-compliance with treatment

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10
Q

What are the potential perceptions of health?

A
  • Negative definition
  • Functional definition
  • Positive definition
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11
Q

What is the negative definition of health?

A

The health equates to the absence of illness

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12
Q

Where is the negative definition of health common?

A

In lower socio-economic gorups

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13
Q

What is the functional definition of health?

A

Health is the ability to do certain things

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14
Q

What is the positive definition of health?

A

Health is a state of wellbeing and fitness, and something you can work towards and can achieve by doing certain things

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15
Q

Where is the positive definition of health and illness common?

A

In higher socioeconomic groups

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16
Q

What are the two distinct issues in lay epidemiology?

A
  • Understand why and how illness happens
  • Why it happened to a particular person at a particular time
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17
Q

How many a person develop a system of ‘candidacy’?

A

Observe and generate hypotheses from experiences of those around us, which feeds into a combination of personal, familial, and social sources of knowledge, leading to the development of a system of ‘candidacy’

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18
Q

How secure is a persons system of ‘candidacy’?

A

It is fallible, and could quickly undermine ideas of candidacy

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19
Q

Why is there an interplay between lay and medical beliefs?

A
  • Public are surrounded by professional concepts, so difficult for lay understandings to develop independantly
  • Professional concepts are interpreted and made sense of in light of everyday concepts
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20
Q

What is health behaviour?

A

Behaviour undertaken for the purpose of maintaining and preventing illness

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21
Q

What is illness behaviour?

A

The activity of an ill person to define illness and seek solution

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22
Q

What is sick role behaviour?

A

The formal response to symptoms

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23
Q

What does sick role behaviour include?

A
  • Seeking formal help
  • Action of person as a patient
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24
Q

Why may smoking be more prevalent among lower socioeconomic groups?

A
  • Higher social class more likely to have positive definition of health
  • Incentives of giving up smoking are more evident for groups who could expect to remain healty, so are more able to focus on long term investments
  • Incentives to quit are less clear for disadvantaged groups, so smoking is a coping mechanism which may be normalised behaviour - for these people, smoking is a rational choice as get a lot of benefit and pleasure
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25
Q

In a two week period, what % of the population will experience one or more symptom of ill health?

A

75%

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26
Q

What % of people who experience symptoms of ill health do nothing?

A

Almost 1/2

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27
Q

What % of people who experienced symptoms of ill health used lay-care?

A

35%

28
Q

Give an example of lay-care?

A

Over the counter medicine

29
Q

What % of symptoms of ill health lea to consultation with a primary health care professional?

A

12%

30
Q

What is the symptom, or illness, iceberg?

A

The fact that most symptoms never get to a doctor

31
Q

Should all people with symptoms consult a doctor?

A

No, the DH supports self-care

32
Q

What prevents a lot of people with symptoms from presenting?

A

Powerful social sanctioning of ‘hypochondriac’ behaviour - going to the doctors too quickly, or too often, is viewed negatively socially

33
Q

What influences health behaviour?

A
  • Culture
  • Visibility and salience of symptoms
  • Extent to which symptoms disrupt life
  • Frequency and persistence of symptoms
  • Tolerance threshold
  • Information and understanding
  • Availability of resources
  • Lay referral
34
Q

What is meant by the extent to which symptoms disrupt life?

A

How much they interfere with what you want/need to do

35
Q

What is the lay referral system?

A

The chain of advice seeking contacts with the seeker makes with other lay people prior to, or instead of, seeking health care professional

36
Q

What % of those visiting the doctor have discussed their symptoms with another person?

A

Up to 75%

37
Q

Is the lay referral system good or bad?

A

Can be either

38
Q

Why may the lay referral system be good?

A

May prompt to see doctor when they need to

39
Q

When may the lay referral system be bad?

A

May act as barrier to seeking heatlh

40
Q

What can be understood by understanding lay referra

A
  • Why people may have delayed in seeking help
  • How, why, and when people consult a doctor
  • Your role as a doctor in health
  • Use of health services and medication
  • Use of alternative medicines
41
Q

Why is it important to understand why people may have delayed seeking help?

A

Help stop it from being a problem in the future

42
Q

What is medication behaviour tied to?

A

Peoples beliefs about condition, social circumstances, and threat to identity

43
Q

What is irrational use of medication deeply embedded into?

A

Complex social identities that have to be managed

44
Q

What is it important to consider regarding the meanings of symptoms for patients?

A

They may be different from those for professionals

45
Q

Give three examples of conditions where lay beliefs are important?

A
  • Rheumatoid arhritis
  • Women and MI
  • Asthma
46
Q

What does good disease control require in rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Early intervention

47
Q

What is the problem with early intervention in RA?

A

Many delay seeking medical advice

48
Q

What factors influenced the decision to seek medical advice in RA?

A
  • Symptom experience
  • Symptom evaluation
  • Knowledge of RA and treatments
  • Experience of, and attitudes towards, health professionals
49
Q

What did early presenters of RA experience?

A

Significant and rapid impact on functional ability

50
Q

What did delayed presenters of RA experience?

A

Insidious and gradual onset of symptoms

51
Q

What was the result of the gradual and insidious onset of symptoms in delayed presenters of RA?

A

They often developed explanations for symptoms that related to preceding activities

52
Q

What frequently prompted consulatation in delayed presenters of RA?

A

Recognition that this explanation was inadequate to explain symptom progression, sometimes a time limit

53
Q

What happens with many women having MIs?

A
  • Have trouble interpreting, understanding, and linking symptoms
  • Tried to self-manage discomfort and chest pain
  • Have difficulty making final decision to seek medical help
54
Q

Why do women having MIs sometimes have difficult making the final decision to seek medical help?

A

Don’t want to be seen as a hypochondriac, or silly

55
Q

Why may women having MIs delay seeking medical help?

A

Perceptions of MI - typical victim/candidate, and typical heart attack being sudden, which is often not the case for women

56
Q

What are the broad groups of asthmatics regarding adherence?

A
  • Deniers and distancers
  • Acceptors
  • Pragmatists
57
Q

What % of asthmatics are deniers and distancers?

A

Half the sample

58
Q

What do asthmatics that are deniers and distancers do?

A
  • Deny having asthma at all (deniers), or denied having ‘proper’ asthma (distancers)
  • Claimed symptoms did not interfere with everyday life
  • Used complex or drastic strategies to hide it
  • Didn’t take drugs or attend asthma clinics
59
Q

What does taking medication depend on in asthma?

A

Accepting the asthmatic identity

60
Q

What do asthmatics that are acceptors do?

A

Accepted diagnosis and doctors advice completely

61
Q

What does normal life involve for acceptors?

A

Having control over symptoms through medicatio n

62
Q

What is the result of acceptor asthmatics not seeing asthma as a stigmatised identity?

A

They are happy to use inhalers in public

63
Q

What do asthmatics that are pragmatists do?

A
  • Accepted they have asthma
  • Used preventative medication, but only when asthma was bad
64
Q

Do pragmatists accept that they have asthma?

A

Yes, but saw it as a mild acute illness

65
Q

How do pragmatists percieve asthma?

A

A series of acute exacerbations, not a chronic condition that is there all the time

66
Q

How do pragmatics percieve management of their asthma?

A

Didn’t think they could do anything to prevent it, just manage acute exacerbations

ESA 4 - HaDSoc (13 decks)

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