Laws and acid-based theories

Question 1

Law of mass action

Answer 1

The rate of a chemical reaction (change in concentration per unit time) generally increases when the concentrations of the reactants increase

Question 2

Le Chatelier’s Principle

Answer 2

1. If a system in dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changes in temperature, pressure, and concentration of its components, the system will tend to shift the equilibrium state so as to partially counteract the effect of the disturbance. The readjusted system establishes a new equilibrium
2. Temperature -> 􏰀equilibrium constant CHANGES
3. Pressure, concentration􏰀 -> equilibrium constant NOT CHANGE

Question 3

Acid-Base theories 1: the Arrhenius

Answer 3

1. Acid: substances, which produces H+ (hydronium ions) in WATER
2. Base: substances, which produces OH- (hydroxide ions) in WATER
3. Neutralization: Hydrogen ions (H+) react with hydroxide ions (OH-)

Question 4

Acid-Base theories 2: the Bronsted-Lowry

Answer 4

1. Acid: substances, which donates hydrogen ions (H+)

2. Base: substances, which accepts hydrogen ions (H+)

Question 5

Acid-Base theories 3: the Lewis concepts

Answer 5

1. Acid: substances, which form coordinate (dative) covalent bonds as
   acceptors of the electron pair to be shared (i.e. electrophile)
2. Base: substances, which form coordinate (dative) covalent bonds as
   donors of the electron pair to be shared (i.e. nucleophile)
   - Acid-base reaction is the formation of a dative covalent bond (a
   covalent bond in which both electrons come from the same atom)
3. Lewis concept is an extension of acid-base reactions