Laws Flashcards
Newton’s first law
an object remains at rest or at constant velocity unless acted on by a resultant force
Newton’s second law
resultant force is proportional to the rate of change of momentum of the body
First law of thermodynamics
the increase in internal energy of a body is equal to the thermal energy transferred to it by heating plus the mechanical work done on it
Newton’s third law
when two bodies interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal in size but opposite in direction
Boyle’s law
the pressure exerted by a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its volume, provided the temperature of the gas remains constant
Charles’ law
the volume occupied by a gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to its thermodynamic (absolute) temperature
Newton’s law of gravitation
any two point masses attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their separation
Coulomb’s law
any two point charges exert an electrical force on each other that is proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
the magnitude of the induced e.m.f is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage
Lenz’s law
an induced e.m.f is in a direction so as to produce effects that oppose the change producing it
Wien’s displacement law
λₘₐₓT = constant
λₘₐₓ ∝ 1/T
Stefan-Boltzmann law
L = 4πσr²T⁴
(L) luminosity [Js / W]
(σ) Stefan-Boltzmann constant [5.67 x 10⁻⁸ W m⁻² K⁻⁴]
(r) radius [m]
(T) thermodynamic temperature [K]
Hubble’s law
the recession speed of a galaxy is directly proportional to its distance from us
