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a level physics > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Radians

A

the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of length equal to the radius of the circle

Symbol: rad

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2
Q

Angular speed

A

angular displacement per unit

Unit: rad s⁻¹
Symbol: ω

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3
Q

Centripetal force

A

the resultant force acting on an object towards the centre of the circle when the object is rotating around that circle at constant speed

Unit: N
Symbol: Fc

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4
Q

Centripetal acceleration

A

the acceleration of an object towards the centre of a circle when the object is rotating at constant speed round that circle

Unit: ms⁻²
Symbol: a𝒸

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5
Q

Natural frequency

A

the frequency at which a body vibrates when there is no resistive force acting on it

Unit: Hz
Symbol: f

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6
Q

Phase

A

a point that an oscillating particle has reached within the complete cycle of an oscillation

Unit: rad
Symbol: φ

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7
Q

Phase difference

A

the difference in phases of two oscillating particles measured in degrees or radians

Unit: rad
Symbol: φ

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8
Q

Simple harmonic motion (2)

A

a body executes simple harmonic motion if its acceleration is directly proportional to its displacement and if it acts in the opposite direction to its displacement

oscillation where there is acceleration to a fixed point

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9
Q

Damped oscillation

A

a damped oscillation is an oscillation in which resistive forces cause the energy of the system to be transferred to the surroundings as internal energy

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10
Q

Resonance

A

resonance occurs when the frequency of the driving force is equal to the natural frequency of the oscillating system

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11
Q

Critical damping

A

the minimum damping that causes the oscillating system to return to its equilibrium position in the minimum time and without oscillating

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12
Q

Internal energy

A

the sum of the random distribution of kinetic and potential energies of the atoms or molecules in a system

Unit: J
Symbol: U

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13
Q

Isothermal change

A

change of a system in which temperature remains constant

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14
Q

Thermal energy

A

energy transferred from one object to another because of a temperature difference (heat energy)

Unit: J
Symbol: Q

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15
Q

Thermal equilibrium

A

a condition where two or more objects in contact have the same temperature so that there is no net flow of energy between them

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16
Q

Absolute zero

A

the temperature 0k, at which a system has minimum internal energy, equivalent to -273.15ºC

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17
Q

Thermocouple

A

a device consisting of wires of two different metals across which an emf is produced when the two junctions of the wires are at different temperatures, measures temperature

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18
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

the energy required by unit mass per unit temperature change

Unit: Jkg⁻¹ºC⁻¹
Symbol: c

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19
Q

Specific latent heat of fusion

A

the amount of heat energy per unit mass needed to convert unit mass of solid to liquid without change in temperature

Unit: Jkg⁻¹
Symbol: L𝒻

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20
Q

Specific latent heat of vaporisation

A

the amount of heat energy per unit mass needed to convert unit mass of liquid to gas without change in temperature

Unit: Jkg⁻¹
Symbol: Lᵥ

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21
Q

Avogadro constant

A

the number of particles in one mole of any substance

Symbol: Nᴀ

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22
Q

Ideal gas

A

a gas that behaves according to the equation pV ∝ T

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23
Q

Root-mean-square-speed

A

the square root of the average of the squares of the speeds of all the molecules in a gas

Unit: ms⁻¹
Symbol: cᵣ.ₘ.ₛ

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24
Q

Gravitational field

A

a region in space where a mass experiences a gravitational force per unit mass

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25
Q

Centre of mass

A

the centre of mass of an object is the point at which we consider the total mass of the object to be concentrated

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26
Q

Gravitational field strength

A

the gravitational field strength at a point is the gravitational force exerted per unit mass on a small object placed at that point

Unit: Nkg⁻¹
Symbol: g

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27
Q

Gravitational potential

A

the gravitational potential at a point is the work done per unit mass in bringing a point mass from infinity

Symbol: Φ

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28
Q

Electric field

A

a region where a charged object experiences a force per unit positive charge

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29
Q

Field of force

A

a region of space where an object feels a force; the force may be gravitational, magnetic, electric and so on

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30
Q

Electric field strength

A

the force per unit charge exerted on a stationary positive charge at that point

Unit: NC⁻¹ or Vm⁻¹
Symbol: E

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31
Q

Electric potential

A

the electric potential at a point is equal to the work done per unit charge in bringing unit positive charge from infinity to that point

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32
Q

Capacitance

A

the capacitance of a capacitor is the charge on the plates of the capacitor per unit potential difference across the plates

Unit: F or CV⁻¹
Symbol: C

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33
Q

Right-hand grip rule

A

rule for finding direction of magnetic field inside a solenoid

right hand grips solenoid with fingers following direction of conventional current and thumb points in direction of magnetic field

34
Q

Right-hand rule

A

rule for finding the direction of the magnetic field around a straight, current-carrying wire

right hand grips wire with thumb pointing in the direction of the current and fingers curl around in direction of the magnetic field

35
Q

Fleming’s left-hand (motor) rule

A

rule is used to predict force experienced by a current-carrying conductor placed in an external magnetic field

Thumb: motion (force)
Index finger: magnetic field
Middle finger: conventional current

36
Q

Magnetic flux density
(magnetic field strength)

A

the force acting per unit current per unit length on a wire placed at right-angles to the magnetic field

Unit: T (tesla)
Symbol: B

37
Q

Hall effect

A

the production of a potential difference across an electric conductor when an external magnetic field is applied in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the current

38
Q

Hall voltage

A

the potential difference produced across the sides of a conductor when an external magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the direction of the current

Vʜ ∝ B

Unit: V
Symbol: Vʜ

39
Q

Fleming’s right-hand (generator) rule

A

used to predict the direction of the current caused by an induced e.m.f in a conductor moved at right angles to a magnetic field

Thumb: motion (force)
Index finger: magnetic field
Middle finger: induced conventional current

40
Q

Magnetic flux

A

the product of magnetic flux density normal to a circuit and the cross-sectional area of the circuit.

Unit: Wb (weber)
Symbol: Φ

41
Q

Magnetic flux linkage

A

the product of magnetic flux for a circuit and the number of turns.

Unit: Wb (weber)

42
Q

Root-mean-square (r.m.s) value

A

the r.m.s value of an alternating current is the steady current that delivers the same average power as the a.c to a resistive load

43
Q

Rectification

A

the process of converting from ac to dc

44
Q

Photoelectric effect

A

an interaction between a photon and an electron in a metal, in which the electron is removed from the surface of a metal

45
Q

Planck constant

A

a fundamental constant that links the energy of a photon E and its frequency f,
E = hf

Unit: Js
Symbol: h

46
Q

electronvolt (eV)

A

the energy gained by an electron travelling through a potential difference of 1 volt

1 eV = 1.60 x 10⁻¹⁹ J

47
Q

Threshold voltage

A

the minimum forward bias voltage across a light-emitting diode (LED) when it starts to conduct and emit light

48
Q

Threshold frequency

A

the minimum frequency of the incident electromagnetic radiation that would eject electrons from the surface of a metal

49
Q

Threshold wavelength

A

the longest wavelength of the incident electromagnetic radiation that would eject electrons from the surface of a metal

50
Q

Work function of energy

A

the minimum energy needed by an electron to free itself from the surface of a metal. Work function (together with threshold frequency and threshold wavelength) is a property of the metal.

51
Q

Emission line spectrum

A

a spectrum with bright-coloured lines of unique wavelengths

52
Q

Absorption line spectrum

A

a spectrum with dark lines of unique wavelengths seen against the background of a continuous spectrum

53
Q

Quantised

A

a quantity is said to be quantised when it has a definite minimum magnitude and always comes in multiples of the magnitude
restricting a variable, observable quantity to discrete values

54
Q

Mass defect

A

the difference between the total mass of the individual nucleons separated to infinity and the mass of the nucleus

55
Q

Binding energy

A

the minimum external energy required to completely separate all the neutrons and protons of a nucleus to infinity

56
Q

Fission

A

the process in which a massive nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei

57
Q

Fusion

A

the process in which two light nuclei join together to form a heavier nucleus

58
Q

Decay constant

A

the probability that an individual nucleus will decay per unit time

Unit: s⁻¹
Symbol: λ

59
Q

Activity

A

the rate of decay of a nuclei of a radioactive source

Unit: Bq (becquerel)
Symbol: A

60
Q

Count rate

A

the number of particles (beta or alpha) or gamma-ray photons detected per unit time by a Geiger–Müller tube

count rate is always a fraction of the activity of a sample

61
Q

Exponential decay

A

the decrease of a quantity where the rate of decrease is proportional to the value of the quantity

62
Q

Half life

A

the half life t₀.₅ of an isotope is the mean time taken for half of the active nuclei in a sample to decay

63
Q

Attenuation

A

the gradual decrease of intensity of radiation as it passes through a medium

64
Q

Attenuation (or absorption) coefficient

A

the attenuation (or absorption) coefficient of a material is a constant that depends on the material and the frequency of the x-rays

Unit: m⁻¹
Symbol: µ

65
Q

Image intensifiers

A

a device used to change low intensity X-ray image into a bright visual image

66
Q

Contrast media

A

materials, such as barium, which are good absorbers of X-rays; they are used to show the edges of soft tissues in X-ray images

67
Q

Computerised axial tomography (CAT or CT)

A

a technique in which X-rays are used to image the body in order to produce a three-dimensional image
1. x-ray tube rotates around patient
2. thin fan shaped beam of x-rays is used
3. x-rays absorbed differently by different tissues
4. intensity of x-ray recorded by detector
5. images of “slices” of the patient are taken

68
Q

Piezoelectric crystal

A

a material that produces an e.m.f when it is stressed, causing its shape to change

also, when a voltage is applied across it in one direction, it changes dimensions slightly

69
Q

Piezoelectric effect

A

the production of an e.m.f across a crystal by putting the crystal under stress

the opposite effect is applying a p.d. across the crystal causing it to change

70
Q

Acoustic impendence

A

the product of the density of the substance and the speed of the ultrasound in the substance

Unit: kgm⁻²s⁻¹
Symbol: Z

71
Q

Impedance matching

A

the use of a gel to reduce the intensity of unwanted, reflected ultrasound between 2 materials. The gel has a similar acoustic impedance to the reflecting material

72
Q

Radiotracer

A

a substance that consists of radioactive material that is attached to a natural chemical, such as glucose, introduced to the body to study tissue

73
Q

Line of response

A

a line drawn from the PET detector triggered by one gamma-ray to the opposite detector that was triggered by the second gamma-ray

74
Q

Luminosity

A

the total radiant power emitted by a star

Unit: Watts
Symbol: L

75
Q

Radiant flux intensity

A

the radiant power passing normally through a surface per unit area

Unit: Wm⁻²
Symbol: F

76
Q

Black body

A

an idealised object that absorbs all electromagnetic radiation falling on it
it has a characteristic emission spectrum and intensity that depends only on its thermodynamic temperature

77
Q

Big bang theory

A

a model of the creation of the universe from an extremely hot and dense state and its subsequent evolution

78
Q

Redshift

A

a term used to describe the increase in the observed wavelength of the electromagnetic waves due to the recession of the source

79
Q

Annihilation

A

when a particle interacts with its antiparticle so that mass is converted to energy

80
Q

Photon

A

a quantum of energy of electromagnetic radiation

81
Q

Standard candle

A

a reference for measuring cosmic differences as it has a known and unchanging luminosity

82
Q

Magnetic field

A

a region where a force acts on a magnetic material

a level physics (6 decks)

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