Law of Conservation of Mass Flashcards
The mass of the reactants must be_______ to the mass of the products for a ________ thermodynamic process
equal ,low energy
Law of Conservation of Mass
Mass in through system boundaries - Mass out through system boundaries + Mass generated within system - Mass consumed within system = Mass accumulated within system
The total amount of cell mass formed by cell growth is proportional to ____________
the mass of the substrate.
Yield coefficients are defined based on the _______________
amount of consumption of another material.
Yield coefficients equation
Yx/s = -delta X/ delta S
The stoichiometric relationship is relevant if the ____________________ for a particular cell cultivation system
yield factor is approximately constant
Either ____________ or _____________ changes alone can determine the other quantity through stoichiometry
substrate, cell mass
____________ describes the relationship between the amount of biomass microorganisms produce and the amount of ___________during a specific growth or fermentation process.
Yield Factor Variation, substrate consumed
These are the changes or variations in this relationship under different conditions
Yield Factor Variation
different conditions for yield factor variation
variations in environmental factors
nutrient availability
the type of microorganism used
This indicates how efficiently microorganisms convert a given substrate into biomass and other products.
Yield Factor Variation
This involves the incorporation of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and various trace elements and compounds into ___________ like proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates.
Assimilation into Cell Mass
cellular components
Microorganisms assimilate (absorb) nutrients, including ____________ into their __________ during growth.
carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and various trace elements
cell mass
cellular components
proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates.
This occurs through the catabolic metabolism of substrates in pathways.
Provision of Energy for Cell Synthesis
The energy generated in the __________ in pathways is used to drive ___________ (necessary for building cellular components.)
catabolic metabolism of substrates
biosynthetic reactions
Microorganisms also require energy for maintenance activities to keep themselves alive and functional.
Provision of Energy for Maintenance
Maintenance energy is expended on tasks like ______________________, _________________________and _________________ in the absence of active growth
maintaining ion gradients across the cell membrane
repairing cellular damage
sustaining basic cellular functions
For a substrate that exists as both a carbon _______ and ________ source, the total substrate utilization may be expressed as:
source and an energy
delta s = delta s assimilation + delta s growth energy + delta s maintenance energy
type of bioreactor used in biochemical engineering for the __________cultivation of microorganisms under controlled conditions.
Chemostat, continuous
It is a key tool in the field of bioprocessing and plays a crucial role in the production of various bioproducts (pharmaceuticals, biofuels, enzymes, and other biologically derived compounds.)
Chemostat
__________ provides a continuous environment for microbial growth, as opposed to batch cultures where microorganisms grow until ________
Chemostat, nutrients are depleted
In a chemostat, __________ is continuously added while an __________ is removed (maintaining a constant volume in the bioreactor)
fresh growth medium , equal volume of culture
________ on biological reactions can easily be written when the compositions of the following are known: ____________________
Material balance
o Substrates/Carbon Source β glucose, methane
o Products β carbon dioxide, water, other extracellular products
o Cellular material
________ are required in addition to elemental balances to determine the ________
Electron-proton balances
stoichiometric coefficients in bioreactions.
2 balances needed
elemental
electron-proton balances
As the simplest illustration of the elemental balance approach to stoichiometry, we consider first aerobic growth ____________, that is, where the only products of the growth reaction are cells, ___________.
without product formation
CO2 and H2O
to describe cell growth and related metabolic activities in the same way as used for simple chemical reactions, it is first necessary to establish _____________________________
a chemical formula for dry cell material.
If the ____________ of a particular strain growing under particular conditions is known, the __________ in the empirical cell formula C, H, O, N, are determined
% elemental composition
ratios of subscripts
In order to establish a unique cell formula and corresponding __________, it has proved convenient to employ a formula which contains_________________
formula weight
one gram-atom of carbon.
_____________ is a crucial and quantifiable measure in a living system. It is defined as the ratio of moles of πΆπ2 produced to moles of π2 taken up.
The respiration quotient (RQ)
A useful measurable parameter for determining the stoichiometric coefficients
Respiratory Quotient (RQ)
it offers insights into the cellβs metabolic condition. It serves as the fifth equation to determine the unknowns.
The respiration quotient (RQ)
A high RQ indicates _______________, signifying efficient metabolism.
significant πΆπ2 production
________ are formed during growth in addition to biomass in many fermentations.
Extracellular products
When there is ______________, the stochiometric equation can be modified to reflect product synthesis.
product formation
The pertinent stoichiometries for product formation may be classified into four classes
- Main product appears as a result of primary energy metabolism
- Main product arises indirectly from energy metabolism
- Main product is a secondary metabolite
- Biotransformation
The utilization of substrates, the synthesis of cellular mass, and the production of products are interconnected
- Main product appears as a result of primary energy metabolism
similar to how they occur in a simple chemical reaction.
- Main product appears as a result of primary energy metabolism
Production of ethanol from the anaerobic growth of yeast
Main product appears as a result of primary energy metabolism
The amount of product formed may not necessarily be proportional to the utilization of substrates or the increase in cell mass.
Main product arises indirectly from energy metabolism
Its stoichiometry representation requires an independent reaction for product formation.
Main product arises indirectly from energy metabolism
Production of citric acid during aerobic mold cultivation
Main product arises indirectly from energy metabolism
It depends on particular substrates and products involved.
Example: Production of penicillin in aerated mold culture.
Main product is a secondary metabolite
factors involved in Main product is a secondary metabolite
FACTORS: dictated by kinetic regulation and cell activities.
In an aerobic system, by requiring more maintenance, this uses ________________, which lowers output yields.
more substrate for energy production
under Main product is a secondary metabolite
The product is obtained from the substrate through one or more reactions catalyzed by enzymes in the cells.
- Biotransformation
ο§ It depends on particular substrates and products involved.
ο§ Example: steroid hydroxylation
- Biotransformation
