Degree of Reduction Flashcards
In more complex reactions such as the formation of ______________________ is added.
additional stoichiometric coefficient
provide no insight into the energetics of a reaction
Elemental balances
used for proton-electron balances in bioreaction.
Elemental balances
solution for the problem not providing insight into the energetics of a reaction
the concept of degree of reduction has been developed
for organic compounds is defined as the number of equivalents of available electrons per gram atom C
degree of reduction, γ
degree of reduction of any element in a compound is equal to the _____________
valence of this element.
Those that would be transferred to oxygen upon oxidation of a compound to either CO2, H2O, or NH3
Available Electrons
Degree Reduction for C, H = , O , P and S
4, 1, -2, 5, 6
o For the element N:
the available electron is
-3 for ammonia or organic nitrogen
0 for molecular N2
5 for nitrate depending on the reference state
Weight of One Carbon Equivalent to_____________________
One Mole of Some Substrates and Biomass
The degree of reduction, denoted as γ, for organic compounds may be defined as the number of __________________________
equivalents of available electrons per gram atom C.
those that would be transferred to oxygen upon oxidation of a compound to CO2, H2O, and NH3
available electrons
A high degree of reduction signifies a ___________, and for CO2, H2O, and NH3, γ =______.
low degree of oxidation
0
Although _________are useful, the presence of water causes some problems in practical application. Because water is usually ___________ and changes in _______________are inconvenient to measure or experimentally verify
H and O balances can present difficulties to use
elemental balances
present in great excess
water concentration
if H and O balances can present difficulties to use, we would typically choose __________________
a carbon, a nitrogen, and an available-electron balance.
a useful principle can be applied to determine quantitative relationships between substrates and products.
conservation of reducing power or available electrons
shows how available electrons from the substrate are distributed in reaction.
electron balance
Equation n (degrees of reduction of substrate, biomass and product) can lead to
elemental balances on C, H, O, and N
an available electron balance
an energy balance, and
a total mass balance.
