Degree of Reduction

Question 1

In more complex reactions such as the formation of ______________________ is added.

Answer 1

additional stoichiometric coefficient

Question 2

provide no insight into the energetics of a reaction

Answer 2

Elemental balances

Question 3

used for proton-electron balances in bioreaction.

Answer 3

Elemental balances

Question 4

solution for the problem not providing insight into the energetics of a reaction

Answer 4

the concept of degree of reduction has been developed

Question 5

for organic compounds is defined as the number of equivalents of available electrons per gram atom C

Answer 5

degree of reduction, γ

Question 6

degree of reduction of any element in a compound is equal to the _____________

Answer 6

valence of this element.

Question 7

Those that would be transferred to oxygen upon oxidation of a compound to either CO2, H2O, or NH3

Answer 7

Available Electrons

Question 8

Degree Reduction for C, H = , O , P and S

Answer 8

4, 1, -2, 5, 6

Question 9

o For the element N:
the available electron is

Answer 9

-3 for ammonia or organic nitrogen
0 for molecular N2
5 for nitrate depending on the reference state

Question 10

Weight of One Carbon Equivalent to_____________________

Answer 10

One Mole of Some Substrates and Biomass

Question 11

The degree of reduction, denoted as γ, for organic compounds may be defined as the number of __________________________

Answer 11

equivalents of available electrons per gram atom C.

Question 12

those that would be transferred to oxygen upon oxidation of a compound to CO2, H2O, and NH3

Answer 12

available electrons

Question 13

A high degree of reduction signifies a ___________, and for CO2, H2O, and NH3, γ =______.

Answer 13

low degree of oxidation
0

Question 14

Although _________are useful, the presence of water causes some problems in practical application. Because water is usually ___________ and changes in _______________are inconvenient to measure or experimentally verify

H and O balances can present difficulties to use

Answer 14

elemental balances
present in great excess
water concentration

Question 15

if H and O balances can present difficulties to use, we would typically choose __________________

Answer 15

a carbon, a nitrogen, and an available-electron balance.

Question 16

a useful principle can be applied to determine quantitative relationships between substrates and products.

Answer 16

conservation of reducing power or available electrons

Question 17

shows how available electrons from the substrate are distributed in reaction.

Answer 17

electron balance

Question 18

Equation n (degrees of reduction of substrate, biomass and product) can lead to

Answer 18

elemental balances on C, H, O, and N
an available electron balance
an energy balance, and
a total mass balance.