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Latin > Latin Syntax - Grammar constructions > Flashcards

Latin Syntax - Grammar constructions Flashcards

1
Q

Standard uses of cases: Nominative

A

Person doing the action

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2
Q

Standard uses of cases: Accusative

A

To speak directly to someone

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3
Q

Standard uses of cases: Genitive

A

‘of’
expresses possession

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4
Q

Standard uses of cases: Dative

A

‘to’ or ‘for’

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5
Q

Standard uses of cases: Ablative

A

‘by’
‘with’
‘from’
‘in’
‘on’
‘at’

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6
Q

Expressions of time: Time ‘how long’

A

Accusative

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7
Q

Expressions of time: Time ‘when’ or ‘within’

A

Ablative

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8
Q

What are prepositions

A

Placed before a noun
To express movement or position in relation to it

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9
Q

Ways in which prepositions are used

A

Preposition + accusative noun = Motion towards
Preposition + ablative noun = position of rest/motion away

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10
Q

Direct Commands definition

A

Telling someone to do something

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11
Q

Direct commands: construction

A

Stem + imperative

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12
Q

Formation of imperatives

A

1st: sing = -a, pl = ate
2nd: sing = -e, pl = ete
3rd: sing = -e, pl = ite
4th: sing = -i, pl = ite

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13
Q

Negative direct commands: construction

A

sing = noli
pl = nolite

+ infinitive

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14
Q

Irregular imperatives

A

duc = say
dic = speak
fer = carry
fac = do

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15
Q

Direct Questions definition

A

Quotes the actual words of the speaker
Has question marks

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16
Q

Ways to introduce a question

A

Add -ne at the end of the first word
Use question word at the start

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17
Q

Question words

A

Cur = why?
quam = how?
quo modo = in what way?
ubi = where?
quo = where to?
unde = from where?
quis, quid = who? which? what?
quantus-a-um = how big?
quot = how many?
qualis-e = what sort of?

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18
Q

Participles definition

A

Describe a noun but are verbs
Verbal adjectives

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19
Q

Types of Participles

A

Present Active Participle
Perfect Passive Participle
Perfect Active Participle
Future Active Participle

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20
Q

Present Active Participle: Endings

A

-ans, -ens, -iens
-ant-, -ent-, -ient-

3rd dec

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21
Q

Perfect Passive Participle + Perfect Active Participle: Endings

A

-us, -a, -um
1st dec F, 2nd dec M + N

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22
Q

Future Active Participles: Formation

A

PPP stem + ‘ur’ + PPP ending
e.g. portatus -> portaturus

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23
Q

Gerundives: formation

A

Verb stem + ‘ndus’

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24
Q

Gerundives: translation

A

‘needing to be Xed’

25
Q

Gerundives to express purpose

A

Ad + gerundive

26
Q

Indirect Statements: definition

A

Reports someone’s actions

27
Q

Indirect Statement: formation

A

Subject -> accusative
Verb -> infinitive

28
Q

Indirect Command: definition

A

Reports a command

29
Q

Indirect Command: formation

A

Command verb + ut + subjunctive

30
Q

Command verbs

A

hortor = I encourage
moneo = I warn
oro = I beg
persuadeo = I persuade
rogo = I ask

31
Q

Negative Indirect Command: formation

A

Command verb + ne + subjunctive

32
Q

Indirect Question: definition

A

Reports a question
Verb: Direct -> indirect = shifts 1 tense back

33
Q

Indirect Question: formation

A

Verb of asking + question word + subjunctive

34
Q

Purpose Clauses: formation

A

ut + imperfect subjunctive = in order to

35
Q

Negative purpose clause: formation

A

ne + imperfect subjunctive = in order not to

36
Q

Fearing Clauses: formation

A

ne + imperfect subjunctive

37
Q

Result Clauses: definition

A

The outcome of an action

38
Q

Result Clauses: formation

A

Signpost word + ut + subjunctive = so…that

39
Q

Negative Result Clause: formation

A

Signpost word + ut + non + subjunctive

40
Q

Result Clauses: Signpost word

41
Q

Verb conjugations

A
  1. porto -> -are
  2. moneo -> -ere
  3. traho -> -ere
  4. Audio -> -ire
42
Q

Ablative Absolute

A

Noun + participle
* Both in ablative
* Separated from sentence with commas

43
Q

Ablative Absolute: Present Active Participle

A

With the ‘noun’ verb-ing

44
Q

Ablative Absolute: Perfect Passive Participle

A

With the ‘noun’ having been verb-en

45
Q

Ablative Absolute: Perfect Active Participle

A

With the ‘noun’ having verb-ed

46
Q

Ablative Absolute: Future Active Participle

A

With the ‘noun’ about to verb

47
Q

Forming adverbs

A

2-1-2 adjectives:
Remove -us from masc. nom. sing. and add -e
laetus -> laete

3rd dec adjectives:
Add -iter to stem
brevis -> breviter

48
Q

Acception of adverbs

A

difficilis and facilis (3rd dec, but follow 2-1-2 rule)

49
Q

Superlative adverbs

A

Remove -us from masc. nom. sing. superlative, then add -e
laetissimus -> laetissime

50
Q

Quam + superlative adverb

A

As….as possible

51
Q

Comparative Adjectives Definition

A

Used to compare 2 people or things

52
Q

Comparative Adjectives Formation

A

Basic stem + ‘ior’ + 3rd dec ending

Sentences normally have quam = than in

53
Q

Ablative of comparison

A

Take out quam and put 2nd noun in ablative.

54
Q

Superlative Adjectives Definition

A

To say a person/thing has a quality to a greater extent than another.

55
Q

Superlative Adjectives

A

Basic stem + ‘issim’ + 2-1-2 ending

56
Q

Irregular 2-1-2 comparatives + adjectives

A
  • miser
  • pulcher
  • celer

use - errimus

57
Q

Irregular 3rd dec comparatives + adjectives

A
  • facilis
  • difficilis
  • similis

use -illimus

58
Q

Very irregular comparative + superlative adjectives

A
  • bonus -> melior -> optimus
  • malus -> peior -> pessimus
  • magnus -> maior -> maximus
  • parvus -> minor -> minimus
  • multus -> plus -> plurimus
  • multi -> plures -> plurimi
59
Q

Pronouns

A

Words e.g. ‘I, she, they’ that stand in the place of a noun (avoids the need to repeat it)

Latin (10 decks)

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