Latin: Declensions, Rules, etc. Flashcards
First declension
- a -ae
- ae -arum
- ae -Is
- am -As
- A -Is
4 rules of the ACENT syllable
- Either 2nd from end or 3rd.
- For words with 3 or more syllables it’s on the 3rd from the last unless the 2nd syllable is a long vowel.
- Know the rule for long vowels…
- When enclitics are added, the syllable just before the enclitic.
Rule for LONG VOWELS
Have a MACRON over them (a straight line above the letter), otherwise use your instinct according to wiki…
Second Declension: Masculine
- us, -er -I
- I -Orum
- O -Is
- um -Os
- O -Is
Second Declension: Neuter
- um -a
- I -Orum
- O -Is
- um -a
- O -Is
Translate Case meaning:
Nominative (Singular)
a ..noun.. ________s
-a, -us -er, um
Puer = a boy ______s
Puer laborat. = a boy works.
Translate Case meaning:
Dative (Singular)
to/for a …noun…
-ae, -O, -O
PuerO = to/for the BOY.
Casa puerO est. = the house is for the BOY.
Translate Case meaning:
Accusative (Singular)
____ ____(s) a …noun…
-am, -um, -um
Translate Case meaning:
Genitive (Singular)
of a …noun…
-ae, -I, -I
PuerI = of a boy.
Casam puerI bonum est. = the boy’s house is good.
Translate Case meaning:
Ablative (Singular)
by, with, from a …noun…
Translate Case meaning:
Nominative (Plural)
…NOUNS… _______.
Translate Case meaning:
Genitive (Plural)
of …NOUNS…
Translate Case meaning:
Dative (Plural)
to/for …NOUNS…
Translate Case meaning:
Accusative (Plural)
_________ _________(s) …NOUNS…
Translate Case meaning:
Ablative (Plural)
by, with, from …NOUNS…
NOMINATIVE
Case Use
SUBJECT of a FINITE VERB (a verb with a personal ending)
See pg. 13.
ACCUSATIVE
Case Use
DIRECT OBJECT
Special note: Some verbs, especially those of asking and teaching, regularly take TWO ACCUSATIVES, one of the person (direct object), teh other of the thing (secondary object):
EXP 1) LITTERAS PUEROS doces. = You are teaching the BOYS LITERATURE.
EXP 2) DONUM VIRUM orant. = They are asking the MAN for a PRESENT.
See pg. 14.
“PAIN” words
First Declension Words that are Masculine (rather then Feminine. They are:
Poeta = poet Agricola = farmer Incola = inhabitant Nauta = sailor
Non-Masculine Second Declension Words
most common exceptions
humus = f = ground
vulgus = n = crowd
pelagus = n = sea
Names of trees, towns and islands (e.g., quercus ‘oak’) are feminine.
Dictionary Entry
“The Dictionary entry for a noun lists teh NOMINATIVE SINGULAR form, the GENITIVE SINGULAR for, and the GENDER of the noun.
The Genitive Singular form identifies the noun’s declension:
puella, puellae F. = girl = Gen. -ae = 1st Dec.
amicus, amici M. = friend = Gen. -i = 2nd Dec.
regnum, regni N. = kingdom = Gen. -i = 2nd Dec.
Distinguishes the First Declension Ablative Singular from the Nominative Singular
The long ‘A’ of the Ablative Singular ending.
Distinguishes the First Declension Dative and Ablative Plural
The context of the sentence, since they have the same endings (-Is).
Distinguishes the First Declension Genitive and Dative Singulars and Nominative Plural.
The context of the sentence, since they have the same endings (-ae).
In neuter pattern, these are always the same, both in the singular and in the plural.
The nominative and the accusative case endings.
Sg = -um Pl = -a
In the neuter pattern, these are the same as in the masculine pattern.
All endings other then Nominative and Accusative singular and plural.
sg. pl. ... Gen. = -I -orum Dat. = -O -Is ... Abl. = -O -Is
Latin uses this to connect two words
Coordinating Conjunction
et
et … et
-que
sed
Coordination Conjunctions connect
two words of the SAME FUNCTION
2 subjects, 2 verbs, never a subject and a verb, or a subject and a direct object
placement of the Coordinating Conjunction
commonly between the words connected
except with the enclitic -QUE, which is placed at the end of the second of the two words connected.
if two subjects are joined by a conjunction…
…the verb will be plural.
Agricola et puer laborant.
= The farmer and the boy are working.
